business college 실무학교(부기, 속기, 타이프 등을 훈련)
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vocationalism ［ｖｏｕｋ´ｅｉ∫∂ｎ∂ｌ｀ｉｚｍ］ 직업(실무)교육중시주의
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practical adjustment 실무조정
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staffer 실무자
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working level consultations 실무협의
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working-level meeting 실무자회의
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working-level talks 실무회담
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working-level technicians 실무기술진
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working-level 실무진, 실무자급
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working-level 실무차원의
2009년 12월 29일 화요일
2009년 12월 28일 월요일
Coronary
of, relating to, or being the coronary arteries or veins of the heart; broadly : of or relating to the heart
coronary artery (심장의)관상 동맥
coronary thrombosis 관상 동맥 혈전증
coronary (관상의) 혈관, 신경 및 인대 등에서 관의 형성을 갖는. 대개 심근에 분포하는 혈
관과 넓게는 이 혈관의 병적 상태를 의미한다.
관상 동맥(冠狀動脈)은 심장의 근육(심근)에 혈류를 공급하는 동맥들을 말한다. 심장 동맥이라고도 한다.
심장은 온몸에 피를 보내는 펌프로 인체에서 심장에 의해 피를 공급받지 않는 기관이나 조직은 없으며, 심장 자체도 예외가 아니다. 관상 동맥은 심장이 필요로 하는 피를 공급하는 동맥과 그 가지들을 지칭하는 말이다. 관상 동맥은 대동맥의 기시부에서 좌우 두갈래로 분지하며 심장 전체를 둘러싸는데, 둘러싸는 모양이 관(冠)과 같다 하여 관상 동맥이라 불린다. 관상 동맥은 우(右)관상 동맥(RCA)과 좌(左)관상 동맥(LCA)이 둘로 나뉘어 이루어진 left anterior descending branch(LAD)와 circumflex branch(LCx)로 크게 세 개의 가지로 나뉜다. 관상동맥의 동맥경화는 관상동맥질환이라 불리며 협심증과 심근경색의 원인이 된다.
coronary artery (심장의)관상 동맥
coronary thrombosis 관상 동맥 혈전증
coronary (관상의) 혈관, 신경 및 인대 등에서 관의 형성을 갖는. 대개 심근에 분포하는 혈
관과 넓게는 이 혈관의 병적 상태를 의미한다.
관상 동맥(冠狀動脈)은 심장의 근육(심근)에 혈류를 공급하는 동맥들을 말한다. 심장 동맥이라고도 한다.
심장은 온몸에 피를 보내는 펌프로 인체에서 심장에 의해 피를 공급받지 않는 기관이나 조직은 없으며, 심장 자체도 예외가 아니다. 관상 동맥은 심장이 필요로 하는 피를 공급하는 동맥과 그 가지들을 지칭하는 말이다. 관상 동맥은 대동맥의 기시부에서 좌우 두갈래로 분지하며 심장 전체를 둘러싸는데, 둘러싸는 모양이 관(冠)과 같다 하여 관상 동맥이라 불린다. 관상 동맥은 우(右)관상 동맥(RCA)과 좌(左)관상 동맥(LCA)이 둘로 나뉘어 이루어진 left anterior descending branch(LAD)와 circumflex branch(LCx)로 크게 세 개의 가지로 나뉜다. 관상동맥의 동맥경화는 관상동맥질환이라 불리며 협심증과 심근경색의 원인이 된다.
raison d'etre
The claimed reason for the existence of something or someone; the purpose of something or someone.
Surfing became his raison d’être.
Surfing became his raison d’être.
Quagmire
A swampy, soggy area of ground.
That quagmire regularly 'swallows' caught-up hikers' boots
(figuratively) A perilous, mixed up and troubled situation; a hopeless tangle; a predicament.
The paperwork got lost in a quagmire of bureaucracy.
Those election results are a quagmire for any coalition except one of national union
That quagmire regularly 'swallows' caught-up hikers' boots
(figuratively) A perilous, mixed up and troubled situation; a hopeless tangle; a predicament.
The paperwork got lost in a quagmire of bureaucracy.
Those election results are a quagmire for any coalition except one of national union
Buzz
A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation.
A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously.
The audible friction of voice consonants.
A rush or feeling of energy or excitement.
Still feeling the buzz from the coffee, he pushed through the last of the homework.
(slang) A telephone call.
A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously.
The audible friction of voice consonants.
A rush or feeling of energy or excitement.
Still feeling the buzz from the coffee, he pushed through the last of the homework.
(slang) A telephone call.
2009년 12월 27일 일요일
Recriminate
(intransitive) To accuse in return, state an accusation in return.
Tom said Harry had lied, and Harry recriminated by saying Tom had manipulated him.
Tom said Harry had lied, and Harry recriminated by saying Tom had manipulated him.
Restraining Order
restraining order : 금지명령! (Lisa 여자친구중 한명은 자꾸 쫓아
다니는 남자 친구가 있었는데 그 여자가 신고를 하여 그 남자에게
restraining order이 적용되어 그여자 주변의 150m안에는 그 남자
가 접근하지 못했다고.
다니는 남자 친구가 있었는데 그 여자가 신고를 하여 그 남자에게
restraining order이 적용되어 그여자 주변의 150m안에는 그 남자
가 접근하지 못했다고.
Military
1) 군대의 편제
육군 : Army
군단 : Corps
사단 : Devision
여단 : Brigade
연대 : Regiment
대대 : Battalian
중대 : Company
포대 : Battery
소대 : Platoon
반 : Section
분대 : Squad
파견대 : Detachment
-
2) 군대의 계급
장교 : Officer 하사관 : Noncommisioned officer
원수 : General of the army (NCO)
대장 : General 주임상사 : First sergeant
중장 : Lieutenant general 준위 : Warrant officer
소장 : Major general
준장 : Brigadier general
-
대령 : Colonel 대위 : Captain
중령 : Lieutenant colonel 중위 : First lieutenant
소령 : Major 소위 : Second liuetenant
-
상사 : Master sergeant 병장 : Sergeant
중사 : Sergeant first class 상병 : Corporal
하사 : Staff sergeant 일병 : Private first class (PFC)
이병 : Private
신병 : Recruit
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3) 군대의 구령
차 려 : Attention !
열중쉬어 : Parade rest !
쉬 어 : At ease !
편히쉬어 : At rest !
육군 : Army
군단 : Corps
사단 : Devision
여단 : Brigade
연대 : Regiment
대대 : Battalian
중대 : Company
포대 : Battery
소대 : Platoon
반 : Section
분대 : Squad
파견대 : Detachment
-
2) 군대의 계급
장교 : Officer 하사관 : Noncommisioned officer
원수 : General of the army (NCO)
대장 : General 주임상사 : First sergeant
중장 : Lieutenant general 준위 : Warrant officer
소장 : Major general
준장 : Brigadier general
-
대령 : Colonel 대위 : Captain
중령 : Lieutenant colonel 중위 : First lieutenant
소령 : Major 소위 : Second liuetenant
-
상사 : Master sergeant 병장 : Sergeant
중사 : Sergeant first class 상병 : Corporal
하사 : Staff sergeant 일병 : Private first class (PFC)
이병 : Private
신병 : Recruit
-
3) 군대의 구령
차 려 : Attention !
열중쉬어 : Parade rest !
쉬 어 : At ease !
편히쉬어 : At rest !
no-nonsense
근엄한, 사무적인, 현실적인, 실제적인
wrenching: 고통스러운
* The heart-wrenching story tells of the traumatic ordeal of a
no-nonsense career woman whose confidence is shaken by her unplanned
pregnancy.
wrenching: 고통스러운
* The heart-wrenching story tells of the traumatic ordeal of a
no-nonsense career woman whose confidence is shaken by her unplanned
pregnancy.
2009년 12월 23일 수요일
Have it easy
쉽게 살다. 편안하게 지내다.
I'd rather have hard times together than to have it easy apart 서로 떨어져 쉽게 쉽게 사느니 힘들더라도 함께 하는 길을 택하겠어요
I'd rather have hard times together than to have it easy apart 서로 떨어져 쉽게 쉽게 사느니 힘들더라도 함께 하는 길을 택하겠어요
2009년 12월 17일 목요일
Membrane
A membrane is a layer of material which serves as a selective barrier between two phases and remains impermeable to specific particles, molecules, or substances when exposed to the action of a driving force. Some components are allowed passage by the membrane into a permeate stream, whereas others are retained by it and accumulate in the retentate stream.
2009년 12월 10일 목요일
2009년 12월 2일 수요일
Upholstery
Upholstery is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers. The word upholstery comes from the Middle English words up and holden, meaning to hold up. The term is applied to domestic furniture and also to in automobiles and boats. A person who works with upholstery is called an upholsterer; an apprentice upholsterer is sometimes called an outsider or trimmer.
Upholstery of domestic furniture
The materials which are important to the quality of an upholstered product, such as a bed, sofa, chair or ottoman, may be considered in four categories: the frame (usually wooden) on which the upholstery is to be constructed; the spring system; the cushioning or padding; and the final fabric or leather covering.
Frames
Main article: Upholstery frame
The life of a piece of upholstered furniture begins with its frame: although the underlying wooden framework cannot all be seen in the finished product, the type of wood used to create it will have a bearing on the quality of the final product. Where parts of the frame, such as chair legs, may be seen outside the upholstery these are termed "show-wood".
Some furniture employs softwoods, but may suffer from its difficulty in supporting the joinery that is required for the best quality furniture. The tight graining of hardwoods allows for pegs, screws and tacks to be set securely, reducing the likelihood of their becoming loose over time. Hardwoods used in upholstered furniture include oak, alder and other woods with tight graining. Hardwood laminates are often used for blocks and braces because laminates are actually stronger than solid wood in these applications.
The wood for a piece of upholstered furniture must be assembled into a sturdy frame. Generally, the more rigid the frame the better, because a loose frame can crack or fail, and several craftsman processes can be used to create a good, strong frame. A variety of woods and laminates are used for joining, blocking and dowelling and sometimes several techniques are used.
Joints are the places where one piece of frame wood intersects to another part of the frame at an angle. Joints must be reinforced with blocks or dowels for extra support or the frame will be susceptible to loosening over time.
Blocking refers to the process of placing additional blocks of wood behind or diagonal to joints and corners for support in areas where the furniture craftsman believes there may be greater stress. Blocks provide lateral support and a larger area for screws and fasteners to set wood elements securely. This extra bracing at stress points contributes to the lasting integrity of the frame. An alternative to blocking is dowelling.
Dowelling refers to the process whereby one or two dowels are drilled, hammered and glued into the wood at stress-points to provide extra strength and support to the frame. Nails, screws, fasteners and glue may also support many parts of a frame.
Spring systems
Once the frame is constructed, a spring system is installed to support the seating area. Furniture manufacturers employ two main types of spring support systems: standard springs and eight-way hand tied springs. When the spring system is finished with a top layer of padding, it is commonly called the "seat deck".
Standard Springs provide good support at a lower price than the alternative. Most manufacturers offer either sinuous springs or drop-in-springs as their standard, depending on how they make their furniture. Both types affix to the frame to support the seat deck. Standard springs have a formal, very firm "sit" and only move in the up/down direction. In contrast, eight-way hand-tied springs can move in many more directions.
Sinuous springs are heavy-gauge steel springs that have been heat formed into continuous "S" shapes. They are cut into lengths and affixed to the frame. Drop-in Springs are mass-manufactured welded units that are more cheaply manufactured and considered to be of lower quality than sinuous springs.
Eight-way hand-tied springs have a wide range of movement providing a very even and individual "sit", because they move up and down and side to side. In the construction of these systems, the craftsman individually ties heavy gauge coils from front to back, side to side and diagonally (eight ways) to provide the highest level of quality, comfort and durability. This process costs more because it is time consuming and can only be done by hand.
[edit] Cushions, pillows, padding and fills
Once a piece of upholstered furniture has its frame and springs, the next components are the cushions and padding. Seat cushions sit on top of the spring system and seat deck. Back pillows, if present, rest against the back and arms of the piece.
Most cushions are made of a high-density foam core that is then wrapped with either soft polyester, feather and down, or a hypoallergenic down substitute. Dacron adds resilience so that pillows and seats keep their shape, while the wraps form a soft envelope. Cushions and pillows are usually sewn into cotton cases to ensure smooth upholstering.
Feather and down offers the maximum comfort and softness in cushions and pillows that most people desire and designers prefer. Feather and down back pillows and wrapped seat cushions can always be "fluffed-up" to maintain an attractive look. Feather and down fills and wraps require a little more maintenance than polyester and high density-foam but they have greater comfort, durability and resilience.
Buckwheat hulls are also used as filling for a variety of upholstered goods, including pillows and zafu. The hulls are durable and do not conduct or reflect heat as much as synthetic fills. They are sometimes marketed as an alternative natural fill to feathers for those with allergies.
Horsehair and hay have also been used in upholstery as cushioning/padding, however this practice is not as common today as using foam.
[edit] Fabrics and leathers
Textiles, a term used in the furniture industry, encompass both fabrics and leathers and the choice of textiles can account for up to 80% of furniture price.
Tightly woven fabrics and blends tend to wear longer than light or loose-weave natural fibers.
Leather is a durable and easy-care natural material that softens and improves with time. To create quality leather, top-grain hides are tanned, processed and dyed to give a certain color or look. Tanning refers to the process in which salts are used to cure the hide and to stabilize its shape. Dyeing refers to infusing the hide with different color dyes.
Aniline dyeing is a high quality process that imparts color but does not disguise the natural character of the hide. Some leathers are further treated with a pattern, texture, or polish.
Automobile upholstery
A typical leather-upholstered car seat.An Automotive upholsterer is also known as a Trimmer, Coachtrimmer or Motor Trimmer. The trade shares many of the skills required in upholstery, in addition to being able to work with carpet.
The term Coachtrimmer derives from the days when car bodies were produced by manufactures and delivered to Coachbuilders to add a car body and interior trimmings. Trimmers would produce soft furnishings, carpets, soft tops and roof linings often to order to customer specifications. Later Trim shops were often an in-house part of the production line as the production process was broken down into smaller parts manageable by semi-skilled labor.
Many automotive trimmers now work either in automotive design or with aftermarket trim shops carrying out repairs, restorations or conversions for customers directly. A few high quality motor car manufacturers still employ trimmers, for example Aston Martin. The way the market is changing and manufacturers are cutting corners, it is a better idea to use a trim shop to use aftermarket materials. Adding your own touch can be a way to show originality while retaining the retail value of the vehicle. In some cases actually raising the retail value. Trim shops are now equipped with a higher quality, longer lasting and better color fastness, than many manufacturers.
2009년 12월 1일 화요일
Grope
To search or attempt to find something in the dark, or, as a blind person, by feeling; to move about hesitatingly, as in darkness or obscurity; to feel one's way, as with the hands, when one can not see.
To touch (another person) closely and sexually
We'd been together 2 weeks, and have just been kissing and groping, but no sex yet.
To touch (another person) closely and sexually
We'd been together 2 weeks, and have just been kissing and groping, but no sex yet.
second-guess
(idiomatic) to attempt to predict or anticipate.
1957: "As a practical matter, a fertilizer company could not afford to second-guess the Federal Trade Commission or a jury in a triple damage case on so obscure a point." (U.S. Senate)[1]
1995: "MacGregor avoided this trap by refusing to give managers reporting to him the opportunity to second-guess the solution he would be most likely to choose."[2]
(idiomatic)(US) to vet or evaluate; to criticize or correct, often by hindsight, by presuming to have a better idea, method, etc.
1946: "I suppose anybody who keeps a diary and subsequently goes over it for publication has a tremendous temptation to second-guess and make himself look like an oracle."[3]
1959: "Public administration would be hamstrung if courts were free to second-guess reasonable administrative decisions." (U.S. Court of Appeals)[4]
2003: "If you suspect you've stepped over the line, ask a few other copy editors to second-guess your headline." (Editing Today)[5]
Please don't try to second-guess the procedure that we have already refined and adopted.
Once she began listening to her instincts and didn't second-guess herself the entire time, her artwork improved noticeably
1957: "As a practical matter, a fertilizer company could not afford to second-guess the Federal Trade Commission or a jury in a triple damage case on so obscure a point." (U.S. Senate)[1]
1995: "MacGregor avoided this trap by refusing to give managers reporting to him the opportunity to second-guess the solution he would be most likely to choose."[2]
(idiomatic)(US) to vet or evaluate; to criticize or correct, often by hindsight, by presuming to have a better idea, method, etc.
1946: "I suppose anybody who keeps a diary and subsequently goes over it for publication has a tremendous temptation to second-guess and make himself look like an oracle."[3]
1959: "Public administration would be hamstrung if courts were free to second-guess reasonable administrative decisions." (U.S. Court of Appeals)[4]
2003: "If you suspect you've stepped over the line, ask a few other copy editors to second-guess your headline." (Editing Today)[5]
Please don't try to second-guess the procedure that we have already refined and adopted.
Once she began listening to her instincts and didn't second-guess herself the entire time, her artwork improved noticeably
Offhand
그자리에서하는,즉석에서하는
'준비 없이' 또는 '생각나는 대로'
Well, I can't say offhand.
저, 당장은 모르겠습니다.
The discrimination is rarely overt, according to interviews with more than two dozen college-educated black job seekers around the country, many of them out of work for months. Instead, those interviewed told subtler stories, referring to surprised looks and offhand comments, interviews that fell apart almost as soon as they began, and the sudden loss of interest from companies after meetings.
'준비 없이' 또는 '생각나는 대로'
Well, I can't say offhand.
저, 당장은 모르겠습니다.
The discrimination is rarely overt, according to interviews with more than two dozen college-educated black job seekers around the country, many of them out of work for months. Instead, those interviewed told subtler stories, referring to surprised looks and offhand comments, interviews that fell apart almost as soon as they began, and the sudden loss of interest from companies after meetings.
2009년 11월 30일 월요일
Exhaust
System consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are discharged
The steam let out of a cylinder after it has done its work there.
The foul air let out of a room through a register or pipe provided for the purpose.
An exhaust pipe, especially on a motor vehicle.
The steam let out of a cylinder after it has done its work there.
The foul air let out of a room through a register or pipe provided for the purpose.
An exhaust pipe, especially on a motor vehicle.
Stratum
One of several parallel horizontal layers of material arranged one on top of another
(geology) A layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout
Any of the regions of the atmosphere, such as the stratosphere, that occur as layers
(biology) A layer of tissue
A class of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status
(ecology) A layer of vegetation, usually of similar height.
복수: Strata
(geology) A layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout
Any of the regions of the atmosphere, such as the stratosphere, that occur as layers
(biology) A layer of tissue
A class of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status
(ecology) A layer of vegetation, usually of similar height.
복수: Strata
Tag
명사
A small label.
A game played by two or more children in which one child (known as "it") attempts to catch one of the others, who then becomes "it".
A skin tag, an excrescence of skin.
A type of cardboard.
Graffiti in the form of a stylized signature particular to the person who makes the graffiti.
A dangling lock of sheep's wool, matted with dung; a dung tag.
An attribution in narrated dialogue (eg, "he said").
(chiefly US) a vehicle number plate.
(baseball) An instance of touching the baserunner with the ball or the ball in a gloved hand.
The tag was applied at second for the final out.
(computing) A piece of markup representing an element in a markup language.
(computing) A keyword or term associated with or assigned to data, media, and/or information enabling keyword-based classification.
동사
(transitive) To label (something).
(transitive) To mark (something) with one’s tag (graffiti).
(transitive) To remove dung tags from a sheep.
Regularly tag the rear ends of your sheep.
(transitive, baseball) To hit the ball hard.
He really tagged that ball.
(transitive, baseball) To put a runner out by touching him with the ball or the ball in a gloved hand.
He tagged the runner for the out.
(transitive) (computing) To mark with a tag (metadata for classification).
I am tagging my music files by artist and genre.
A small label.
A game played by two or more children in which one child (known as "it") attempts to catch one of the others, who then becomes "it".
A skin tag, an excrescence of skin.
A type of cardboard.
Graffiti in the form of a stylized signature particular to the person who makes the graffiti.
A dangling lock of sheep's wool, matted with dung; a dung tag.
An attribution in narrated dialogue (eg, "he said").
(chiefly US) a vehicle number plate.
(baseball) An instance of touching the baserunner with the ball or the ball in a gloved hand.
The tag was applied at second for the final out.
(computing) A piece of markup representing an element in a markup language.
(computing) A keyword or term associated with or assigned to data, media, and/or information enabling keyword-based classification.
동사
(transitive) To label (something).
(transitive) To mark (something) with one’s tag (graffiti).
(transitive) To remove dung tags from a sheep.
Regularly tag the rear ends of your sheep.
(transitive, baseball) To hit the ball hard.
He really tagged that ball.
(transitive, baseball) To put a runner out by touching him with the ball or the ball in a gloved hand.
He tagged the runner for the out.
(transitive) (computing) To mark with a tag (metadata for classification).
I am tagging my music files by artist and genre.
Meta-heurisitc
Meta-heurisitc
A metaheuristic is a heuristic method for solving a very general class of computational problems by combining user-given black-box procedures — usually heuristics themselves — in the hope of obtaining a more efficient or more robust procedure. The name combines the Greek prefix "meta" ("beyond", here in the sense of "higher level") and "heuristic" (from ευρισκειν, heuriskein, "to find").
Metaheuristics are generally applied to problems for which there is no satisfactory problem-specific algorithm or heuristic; or when it is not practical to implement such a method. Most commonly used metaheuristics are targeted to combinatorial optimization problems, but of course can handle any problem that can be recast in that form, such as solving boolean equations.
The goal of combinatorial optimization is to find a discrete mathematical object (such as a bit string or permutation) that maximizes (or minimizes) an arbitrary function specified by the user of the metaheuristic. These objects are generically called states, and the set of all candidate states is the search space. The nature of the states and the search space are usually problem-specific.
The function to be optimized is called the goal function, or objective function, and is usually provided by the user as a black-box procedure that evaluates the function on a given state. Depending on the meta-heuristic, the user may have to provide other black-box procedures that, say, produce a new random state, produce variants of a given state, pick one state among several, provide upper or lower bounds for the goal function over a set of states, and the like.
Some metaheuristics maintain at any instant a single current state, and replace that state by a new one. This basic step is sometimes called a state transition or move. The move is uphill or downhill depending on whether the goal function value increases or decreases. The new state may be constructed from scratch by a user-given generator procedure. Alternatively, the new state be derived from the current state by a user-given mutator procedure; in this case the new state is called a neighbour of the current one. Generators and mutators are often probabilistic procedures. The set of new states that can be produced by the mutator is the neighbourhood of the current state.
More sophisticated meta-heuristics maintain, instead of a single current state, a current pool with several candidate states. The basic step then may add or delete states from this pool. User-given procedures may be called to select the states to be discarded, and to generate the new ones to be added. The latter may be generated by combination or crossover of two or more states from the pool.
A metaheuristic also keeps track of the current optimum, the optimum state among those already evaluated so far.
Since the set of candidates is usually very large, metaheuristics are typically implemented so that they can be interrupted after a client-specified time budget. If not interrupted, some exact metaheuristics will eventually check all candidates, and use heuristic methods only to choose the order of enumeration; therefore, they will always find the true optimum, if their time budget is large enough. Other metaheuristics give only a weaker probabilistic guarantee, namely that, as the time budget goes to infinity, the probability of checking every candidate tends to 1.
A metaheuristic is a heuristic method for solving a very general class of computational problems by combining user-given black-box procedures — usually heuristics themselves — in the hope of obtaining a more efficient or more robust procedure. The name combines the Greek prefix "meta" ("beyond", here in the sense of "higher level") and "heuristic" (from ευρισκειν, heuriskein, "to find").
Metaheuristics are generally applied to problems for which there is no satisfactory problem-specific algorithm or heuristic; or when it is not practical to implement such a method. Most commonly used metaheuristics are targeted to combinatorial optimization problems, but of course can handle any problem that can be recast in that form, such as solving boolean equations.
The goal of combinatorial optimization is to find a discrete mathematical object (such as a bit string or permutation) that maximizes (or minimizes) an arbitrary function specified by the user of the metaheuristic. These objects are generically called states, and the set of all candidate states is the search space. The nature of the states and the search space are usually problem-specific.
The function to be optimized is called the goal function, or objective function, and is usually provided by the user as a black-box procedure that evaluates the function on a given state. Depending on the meta-heuristic, the user may have to provide other black-box procedures that, say, produce a new random state, produce variants of a given state, pick one state among several, provide upper or lower bounds for the goal function over a set of states, and the like.
Some metaheuristics maintain at any instant a single current state, and replace that state by a new one. This basic step is sometimes called a state transition or move. The move is uphill or downhill depending on whether the goal function value increases or decreases. The new state may be constructed from scratch by a user-given generator procedure. Alternatively, the new state be derived from the current state by a user-given mutator procedure; in this case the new state is called a neighbour of the current one. Generators and mutators are often probabilistic procedures. The set of new states that can be produced by the mutator is the neighbourhood of the current state.
More sophisticated meta-heuristics maintain, instead of a single current state, a current pool with several candidate states. The basic step then may add or delete states from this pool. User-given procedures may be called to select the states to be discarded, and to generate the new ones to be added. The latter may be generated by combination or crossover of two or more states from the pool.
A metaheuristic also keeps track of the current optimum, the optimum state among those already evaluated so far.
Since the set of candidates is usually very large, metaheuristics are typically implemented so that they can be interrupted after a client-specified time budget. If not interrupted, some exact metaheuristics will eventually check all candidates, and use heuristic methods only to choose the order of enumeration; therefore, they will always find the true optimum, if their time budget is large enough. Other metaheuristics give only a weaker probabilistic guarantee, namely that, as the time budget goes to infinity, the probability of checking every candidate tends to 1.
Unilateral
1 한편(만)의, 일면(적)인; 일방적인
2 【법】 일방적인, 단독의, 편무(片務)의
a unilateral contract 편무 계약(cf. BILATERAL)
3 【식물】 한쪽에만 생기는[배열하는]
4 <주차가> 한 쪽에만 허용된
5 【음성】 혀의 한 쪽으로 발음되는
6 【병리】 <병이> 몸의 한 쪽에만 생기는
2 【법】 일방적인, 단독의, 편무(片務)의
a unilateral contract 편무 계약(cf. BILATERAL)
3 【식물】 한쪽에만 생기는[배열하는]
4 <주차가> 한 쪽에만 허용된
5 【음성】 혀의 한 쪽으로 발음되는
6 【병리】 <병이> 몸의 한 쪽에만 생기는
2009년 11월 29일 일요일
At the discretion of
at the discretion of ..의 자유재량으로
Discretion: 사려, 분별, 신중, 행동의 자유, 자유 재량
The better part of valor is discretion.
(용기의 중요한 부분은 분별이다.)
Discretion is the better part of valour.
조심은 용기의 태반.
I look forward to the time when my parents will agree that I have reached the "age of discretion ".
내가 " 분별 연령"이 되었다는 사실에 부모님이 동의하실 때를 기대한다.
Use your discretion in this mater and do not discuss it with anyone.
이 문제에 있어 당신은 신중을 기하고 누구와도 그것을 의논하지 말라.
I leave that to your discretion.
Discretion: 사려, 분별, 신중, 행동의 자유, 자유 재량
The better part of valor is discretion.
(용기의 중요한 부분은 분별이다.)
Discretion is the better part of valour.
조심은 용기의 태반.
I look forward to the time when my parents will agree that I have reached the "age of discretion ".
내가 " 분별 연령"이 되었다는 사실에 부모님이 동의하실 때를 기대한다.
Use your discretion in this mater and do not discuss it with anyone.
이 문제에 있어 당신은 신중을 기하고 누구와도 그것을 의논하지 말라.
I leave that to your discretion.
2009년 11월 25일 수요일
2009년 11월 24일 화요일
Panel
1 a (1) : a schedule containing names of persons summoned as jurors (2) : the group of persons so summoned (3) : JURY 1 b (1) : a group of persons selected for some service (as investigation or arbitration) *a panel of experts* (2) : a group of persons who discuss before an audience a topic of public interest; also : PANEL DISCUSSION (3) : a group of entertainers or guests engaged as players in a quiz or guessing game on a radio or television program
2 : a separate or distinct part of a surface: as a : a fence section : HURDLE b (1) : a thin usually rectangular board set in a frame (as in a door) (2) : a usually sunken or raised section of a surface set off by a margin (3) : a flat usually rectangular piece of construction material (as plywood or precast masonry) made to form part of a surface c : a vertical section of fabric (as a gore) d : COMIC STRIP; also : a frame of a comic strip e : any of several units of construction of an airplane wing surface
3 : a thin flat piece of wood on which a picture is painted; also : a painting on such a surface
4 a : a section of a switchboard b : a flat often insulating support (as for computer hardware or parts of an electrical device) usually with control handles on one face c : a usually vertical mount for controls or dials (as of instruments of measurement)
2 : a separate or distinct part of a surface: as a : a fence section : HURDLE b (1) : a thin usually rectangular board set in a frame (as in a door) (2) : a usually sunken or raised section of a surface set off by a margin (3) : a flat usually rectangular piece of construction material (as plywood or precast masonry) made to form part of a surface c : a vertical section of fabric (as a gore) d : COMIC STRIP; also : a frame of a comic strip e : any of several units of construction of an airplane wing surface
3 : a thin flat piece of wood on which a picture is painted; also : a painting on such a surface
4 a : a section of a switchboard b : a flat often insulating support (as for computer hardware or parts of an electrical device) usually with control handles on one face c : a usually vertical mount for controls or dials (as of instruments of measurement)
Center console
The center console (British English: centre console) in an automobile refers to the control-bearing surfaces in the center of the front of the vehicle interior. The term is applied to the area beginning in the dashboard and continuing beneath it, and often merging with the transmission tunnel which runs between the front driver's and passenger's seats of many vehicles.
Traditionally vehicles with a gear stick have placed this control where the two areas of console and tunnel merge, or at the rear-most end of the console in front-wheel-drive vehicles without transmission tunnels. In some modern vehicles – particularly vans – the gear stick is mounted in the front, more vertical part of the center console to be within better reach of the driver without requiring a long stalk.
Increasingly, center consoles include a wide variety of storage compartments and cupholders, some of them with refrigerator, in addition to the more traditional use as purely a surface for instrumentation (i.e. outside temperature display) and controls (car audio).
[edit] Rear center console
Some cars include additional rear center console, which commonly includes entertainment and climate system controls (and possibly display screens and air vents), auxiliary power outlets, and sometimes window controls when these are not in the doors (for example, in the Ford Sierra). Although becoming less than ubiquitous, another common element is an ash tray. On some cars and SUV's, the center console has heater vents for the comfort of rear passengers.
Dashboard
A dashboard, dash, "dial and switch housing" or fascia, (chiefly in British English) is a control panel located under the windshield of an automobile. It contains the instrumentation and controls pertaining to the operation of the vehicle. During the design phase of an automobile, the dashboard or instrument panel may be abbreviated as "IP".
Originally, a dashboard was an upturned screen of wood or leather, placed on the front of a horse-drawn carriage, sleigh or other vehicle, that protected the driver from the mud, debris, water or snow thrown up by the horse's hooves.
Dashboard items
Dashboard instruments displaying various car and engine conditionsItems located on the dashboard first included the steering wheel and the instrument cluster. The instrument cluster pictured to the right contains gauges such as a speedometer, tachometer, odometer and fuel gauge, and indicators such as a gear shift position, seat belt warning light, parking brake engagement warning light[5] and an engine malfunction light. There are also indicators for low fuel, low oil pressure, low battery, low tire pressure (on newer cars), and faults in the air bag (SRS) system. Heating and ventilation controls and vents, lighting controls and audio equipment came later on. In more modern cars, automotive navigation systems are mounted directly into the dashboard.
Center fascia
혹시라도 ‘Center Fascia’에 대해 생소할 수 있으니 그 의미부터 짚고 넘어가겠다. 센터페시아라는 이름에서 알 수 있듯이 중앙에 위치한 벽면을 의미한다. 즉, 대시보드와 시프트 레버가 수직으로 만나는 부분인 것이다. 여기 센터페시아에는 오디오, 에어컨디셔너 컨트롤러, 모니터 등 여러가지가 장착되지만 모델에 따라 에어벤트나 시프트레버, 컵홀더 등이 포함되기도 하며, 센터콘솔과 함께 운전석과 조수석을 구분 짓는 역할도 한다.
2009년 11월 23일 월요일
Audit
명사
An examination in general.
A judicial examination.
An independent review and examination of records and activities to assess the adequacy of system controls, to ensure compliance with established policies and operational procedures, and to recommend necessary changes in controls, policies, or procedures
National Assembly audit
(Scientology) Spiritual counseling, which forms the core of Dianetics.
동사
To conduct an independent review and examination of system records and activities in order to test the adequacy and effectiveness of data security and data integrity procedures, to ensure compliance with established policy and operational procedures, and to recommend any necessary changes
To attend an academic class on a not-for-academic-credit basis.
1 회계 감사, (회사 등의) 감사(監査);결산
2 (문제의) 심사
1 <회계를> 감사하다
2 《미》 <대학의 강의를> 청강하다
An examination in general.
A judicial examination.
An independent review and examination of records and activities to assess the adequacy of system controls, to ensure compliance with established policies and operational procedures, and to recommend necessary changes in controls, policies, or procedures
National Assembly audit
(Scientology) Spiritual counseling, which forms the core of Dianetics.
동사
To conduct an independent review and examination of system records and activities in order to test the adequacy and effectiveness of data security and data integrity procedures, to ensure compliance with established policy and operational procedures, and to recommend any necessary changes
To attend an academic class on a not-for-academic-credit basis.
1 회계 감사, (회사 등의) 감사(監査);결산
2 (문제의) 심사
1 <회계를> 감사하다
2 《미》 <대학의 강의를> 청강하다
2009년 11월 19일 목요일
Qualify
to describe or characterize something by listing its qualities
to make someone, or to become competent or eligible for some position or task
to certify or license someone for something
to modify, limit, restrict or moderate something
to compete successfully in some stage of a competition and become eligible for the next stage
to make someone, or to become competent or eligible for some position or task
to certify or license someone for something
to modify, limit, restrict or moderate something
to compete successfully in some stage of a competition and become eligible for the next stage
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer
An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, manufactures products or components which are purchased by a purchasing company and retailed under the purchasing company's brand name.[1][2][3][4][5] OEM refers to the company that originally manufactured the product.
It is a type of contract manufacturing and a form of outsourcing.
An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, manufactures products or components which are purchased by a purchasing company and retailed under the purchasing company's brand name.[1][2][3][4][5] OEM refers to the company that originally manufactured the product.
It is a type of contract manufacturing and a form of outsourcing.
Syndicate
명사:
A group of individuals or companies formed to transact some specific business, or to promote a common interest; a self-coordinating group.
A similar group of gangsters engaged in organized crime.
A chain of newspapers, or an agency that distributes features to multiple newspapers.
동사:
(intransitive) To become a syndicate.
(transitive) To put under the control of a group acting as a unit.
(transitive) To release media content through a syndicate to be published or broadcast through multiple outlets.
A group of individuals or companies formed to transact some specific business, or to promote a common interest; a self-coordinating group.
A similar group of gangsters engaged in organized crime.
A chain of newspapers, or an agency that distributes features to multiple newspapers.
동사:
(intransitive) To become a syndicate.
(transitive) To put under the control of a group acting as a unit.
(transitive) To release media content through a syndicate to be published or broadcast through multiple outlets.
2009년 11월 18일 수요일
Ditto
부사
As said before, likewise.
명사
That which was stated before, the aforesaid, the above, the same.
(informal) A duplicate or copy of a document.
Please run off twenty-four dittos of this assignment, for my students.
(abbreviation do) Short of ditto mark, a symbol consisting of two apostrophes (") or inverted commas, indicating that the item preceding is to be repeated.
As said before, likewise.
명사
That which was stated before, the aforesaid, the above, the same.
(informal) A duplicate or copy of a document.
Please run off twenty-four dittos of this assignment, for my students.
(abbreviation do) Short of ditto mark, a symbol consisting of two apostrophes (") or inverted commas, indicating that the item preceding is to be repeated.
Cross-docking
Cross-docking is a practice in logistics of unloading materials from an incoming semi-trailer truck or rail car and loading these materials directly into outbound trucks, trailers, or rail cars, with little or no storage in between. This may be done to change type of conveyance, to sort material intended for different destinations, or to combine material from different origins into transport vehicles (or containers) with the same, or similar destination.
Cross-Dock operations were first pioneered in the US trucking industry in the 1930s, and have been in continuous use in LTL (less than truckload) operations ever since. The US Military began utilizing cross-dock operations in the 1950s. Wal-Mart began utilizing cross-docking in the retail sector in the late 1980s.
In the LTL trucking industry, cross-docking is done by moving cargo from one transport vehicle directly into another, with minimal or no warehousing. In retail practice, cross-docking operations may utilize staging areas where inbound materials are sorted, consolidated, and stored until the outbound shipment is complete and ready to ship.
Cross-Dock operations were first pioneered in the US trucking industry in the 1930s, and have been in continuous use in LTL (less than truckload) operations ever since. The US Military began utilizing cross-dock operations in the 1950s. Wal-Mart began utilizing cross-docking in the retail sector in the late 1980s.
In the LTL trucking industry, cross-docking is done by moving cargo from one transport vehicle directly into another, with minimal or no warehousing. In retail practice, cross-docking operations may utilize staging areas where inbound materials are sorted, consolidated, and stored until the outbound shipment is complete and ready to ship.
Make light of
make light of
(idiomatic) To regard without due seriousness; to joke or disregard inappropriately.
I wish you wouldn't make light of the matter, when it obviously means a great deal to him.
(idiomatic) To regard without due seriousness; to joke or disregard inappropriately.
I wish you wouldn't make light of the matter, when it obviously means a great deal to him.
2009년 11월 17일 화요일
Muster
(intransitive) To be gathered together for parade, inspection, exercise, or the like (especially of a military force); to come together as parts of a force or body. from 15th c.
(transitive) To collect, call or assemble together, such as troops or a group for inspection, orders, display etc. from 15th c.
(transitive) To summon together; to get together, to gather. from 16th c.
I mustered up all my remaining willpower.
(transitive, US) To enroll (into service). from 19th c.
(transitive) To collect, call or assemble together, such as troops or a group for inspection, orders, display etc. from 15th c.
(transitive) To summon together; to get together, to gather. from 16th c.
I mustered up all my remaining willpower.
(transitive, US) To enroll (into service). from 19th c.
Cross-training
Cross-training (also known as conditioning) refers to training in different ways to improve overall performance. It takes advantage of the particular effectiveness of each training method, while at the same time attempting to neglect the shortcomings of that method by combining it with other methods that address its weaknesses.
In general sports
Cross-training in sports and fitness refers to the combining of exercises to work various parts of the body. Often one particular activity works certain muscle groups, but not others, cross-training aims to eliminate this.
[edit] In Mixed Martial Arts
In mixed martial arts and self-defense applications, cross-training refers to training in multiple martial arts or fighting systems to become proficient in all the phases of unarmed combat. This training is meant to overcome the shortcomings of one style by practicing another style which is strong in the appropriate area. A typical combination involves a striking-based art such as Muay Thai, combined with a grappling-based art such as Wrestling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Many hybrid martial arts can be considered derivatives of such cross-training.
Modern mixed martial arts training generally involves cross-training in the different aspects and ranges of fighting.
In general sports
Cross-training in sports and fitness refers to the combining of exercises to work various parts of the body. Often one particular activity works certain muscle groups, but not others, cross-training aims to eliminate this.
[edit] In Mixed Martial Arts
In mixed martial arts and self-defense applications, cross-training refers to training in multiple martial arts or fighting systems to become proficient in all the phases of unarmed combat. This training is meant to overcome the shortcomings of one style by practicing another style which is strong in the appropriate area. A typical combination involves a striking-based art such as Muay Thai, combined with a grappling-based art such as Wrestling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Many hybrid martial arts can be considered derivatives of such cross-training.
Modern mixed martial arts training generally involves cross-training in the different aspects and ranges of fighting.
Status quo
The state of things; the way things are, as opposed to the way they could be; the existing state of affairs.
All but
Roman Emperor Justinian criminalized all but monogamous man/woman sex withinn the confines of marriage.
--> 로마의 황제 저스티니언은 결혼의 범위 내에서의 한 쌍의 남자와 여자의 성생활 이외에는 모두 법률로 금지하였다.
all but 에는 아래와 같이 두 가지 뜻이 있습니다.
all but
1. 《구어》 거의(almost)
She is all but nude. 그녀는 거의 알몸이나 다름없다.
2. …외는 모두
He could find out all but one of his books. 한 권 말고는 책을 모두 찾았다.
첫번째와 같이 "거의" 로 해석할 때는 all but 이 부사로 사용되므로 뒤에 형용사 등이 오는 경우입니다.
두번째와 같이 "…외는 모두" 로 해석하는 경우는 but 이 전치사로 사용되는 경우이므로 뒤에 명사나 명사구가 오는 경우입니다.
--> 로마의 황제 저스티니언은 결혼의 범위 내에서의 한 쌍의 남자와 여자의 성생활 이외에는 모두 법률로 금지하였다.
all but 에는 아래와 같이 두 가지 뜻이 있습니다.
all but
1. 《구어》 거의(almost)
She is all but nude. 그녀는 거의 알몸이나 다름없다.
2. …외는 모두
He could find out all but one of his books. 한 권 말고는 책을 모두 찾았다.
첫번째와 같이 "거의" 로 해석할 때는 all but 이 부사로 사용되므로 뒤에 형용사 등이 오는 경우입니다.
두번째와 같이 "…외는 모두" 로 해석하는 경우는 but 이 전치사로 사용되는 경우이므로 뒤에 명사나 명사구가 오는 경우입니다.
What's the catch?
What's the catch(to it)? 숨은 목적이 뭐야?
* 위에서 말하는 catch란 '숨은 목적'이란 뜻인데 원래 catch란
'잡는 것'이란 달콤한 말 또는 행동에 속아 넘어오는 사람의
'덜미를 잡는 것'이란 뜻이다. 예를 들어 남편에 대한 아내의
서비스가 갑자기 좋아지면 남편이 아내를 보고
Hey come on, what's the catch?라 하면 '자 말해봐요,
당신이 노리는 것이 뭐요?'라는 말이 되는 것이다. 그러면
아내는 배시시 웃으면서 어느 백화점에서 mink coat를
sale하는데 하나 사달라고 말하게 되는 것이다.
What's the catch?
그래서 조건이 뭡니까?, (좋은 제안에 대해서) 그 대신에 뭔가 약점이 있죠.
* 위에서 말하는 catch란 '숨은 목적'이란 뜻인데 원래 catch란
'잡는 것'이란 달콤한 말 또는 행동에 속아 넘어오는 사람의
'덜미를 잡는 것'이란 뜻이다. 예를 들어 남편에 대한 아내의
서비스가 갑자기 좋아지면 남편이 아내를 보고
Hey come on, what's the catch?라 하면 '자 말해봐요,
당신이 노리는 것이 뭐요?'라는 말이 되는 것이다. 그러면
아내는 배시시 웃으면서 어느 백화점에서 mink coat를
sale하는데 하나 사달라고 말하게 되는 것이다.
What's the catch?
그래서 조건이 뭡니까?, (좋은 제안에 대해서) 그 대신에 뭔가 약점이 있죠.
Steel Mill
A steel mill (British English and Australian English steelworks) is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is produced in a two-stage process. First, iron ore is reduced or smelted with coke and limestone in a blast furnace, producing molten iron which is either cast into pig iron or carried to the next stage as molten iron. In the second stage, known as steelmaking, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. In the late 19th Century and early 20th Century the world's largest steel mill was located in Barrow-in-Furness, UK. Today, the world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang, South Korea.[1][2]
Steel mills turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is produced in a two-stage process. First, iron ore is reduced or smelted with coke and limestone in a blast furnace, producing molten iron which is either cast into pig iron or carried to the next stage as molten iron. In the second stage, known as steelmaking, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. In the late 19th Century and early 20th Century the world's largest steel mill was located in Barrow-in-Furness, UK. Today, the world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang, South Korea.[1][2]
Steel mills turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling.
Mill
Mill (factory), a place of business for making articles of manufacture. The term mill was once in common use for a factory because many factories in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution were powered by a watermill, but nowadays it is only used in a few specific contexts; e.g.,
textile mill (disambiguation)
silk mill, for silk
flax mill, for flax
cotton mill, for cotton
a paper mill produces paper
a sawmill cuts timber
a gristmill grinds grain into flour
a steel mill manufactures steel
a sugar mill (also called a sugar refinery) processes sugar beets or sugar cane into various finished products
a huller (also called a rice mill, or rice husker) is used to hull rice
a powder mill produces gunpowder
textile mill (disambiguation)
silk mill, for silk
flax mill, for flax
cotton mill, for cotton
a paper mill produces paper
a sawmill cuts timber
a gristmill grinds grain into flour
a steel mill manufactures steel
a sugar mill (also called a sugar refinery) processes sugar beets or sugar cane into various finished products
a huller (also called a rice mill, or rice husker) is used to hull rice
a powder mill produces gunpowder
Initiative
initiative (plural initiatives)
A beginning; a first move.
A new development; a fresh approach to something; a new way of dealing with a problem.
The ability to act first or on one's own.
A beginning; a first move.
A new development; a fresh approach to something; a new way of dealing with a problem.
The ability to act first or on one's own.
Gumption
Energy of mind and body, enthusiasm.
1974, Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance:
A person filled with gumption doesn't sit around dissipating and stewing about things. He's at the front of the train of his own awareness, watching to see what's up the track and meeting it when it comes. That's gumption.
Boldness of enterprise; initiative or aggressiveness, guts; spunk; initiative.
1974, Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance:
A person filled with gumption doesn't sit around dissipating and stewing about things. He's at the front of the train of his own awareness, watching to see what's up the track and meeting it when it comes. That's gumption.
Boldness of enterprise; initiative or aggressiveness, guts; spunk; initiative.
Grassroots
Of, or relating to people or society at the local level; of the grass roots
grassroots democracy
(dated) The political processes which are driven by groups of ordinary citizens, as opposed to larger organizations or wealthy individuals with concentrated vested interests in particular policies.
grassroots democracy
(dated) The political processes which are driven by groups of ordinary citizens, as opposed to larger organizations or wealthy individuals with concentrated vested interests in particular policies.
Masking Tape
Masking tape (Pegote) is a type of pressure sensitive tape made of a thin and easy-to-tear paper, and an easily released pressure sensitive adhesive. It is available in a variety of widths. It is used mainly in painting, to mask off areas that should not be painted. The adhesive is the key element to its usefulness, as it allows the tape to be easily removed without leaving residue or damaging the surface to which it is applied. The tape is available in several strengths, rated on a 1–100 scale based on the strength of the adhesive. Most painting operations will require a tape in the 50 range. Household masking tape is made of an even weaker paper and lower grade adhesive. Tape usually costs between £0.50 and £2 GBP per roll (around $1 USD).
History
Masking tape was invented in 1925 by 3M employee Richard Drew. Drew observed auto-body workers growing frustrated when they removed butcher paper they had taped to cars they were painting. The strong adhesive on the tape peeled off some of the paint they had just applied. Touching up the damaged areas increased their costs. Drew realized the need for tape with a gentler adhesive.
Two-tone Paint Job
Two-tone: having two colours or shades
A CAR PAINTED 2 DIFFERENT COLORS TOP ONE COLOR BOTTOM ONE COLOR!!
Benevolent
자비스러운, 친절한, 인정많은
자비심이 많은, 친절한, 자선의
Having a disposition to do good.
Chinese and Eastern mythologies describe dragons as benevolent.
Possessing or manifesting love for mankind.
altruistic or charitable.
generous.
자비심이 많은, 친절한, 자선의
Having a disposition to do good.
Chinese and Eastern mythologies describe dragons as benevolent.
Possessing or manifesting love for mankind.
altruistic or charitable.
generous.
Poster child
(idiomatic) One who is a prototypical or quintessential example of something.
He's a poster child for militant vegetarianism.
He's a poster child for militant vegetarianism.
Pitch
(transitive) To throw.
He pitched the horseshoe.
(baseball, transitive or intransitive) To throw (the ball) toward home plate.
(transitive) The hurler pitched a curveball.
(intransitive) He pitched high and inside.
(baseball, intransitive) To play baseball in the position of pitcher.
Bob pitches today.
(transitive) To throw away; discard.
He pitched the candy wrapper.
(transitive) To promote, advertise, or attempt to sell.
He pitched the idea for months with no takers.
(transitive) To deliver in a certain tone or style, or with a certain audience in mind.
At which level should I pitch my presentation?
(transitive) To assemble or erect (a tent).
Pitch the tent over there.
(aviation or nautical, ambitransitive) To move so that the front of an aircraft or ship goes alternatively up and down.
(transitive) The typhoon pitched the deck of the ship.
(intransitive) The airplane pitched.
(golf, transitive) To play a short, high, lofty shot that lands with backspin.
The only way to get on the green from here is to pitch the ball over the bunker.
(cricket, intransitive) To bounce on the playing surface.
The ball pitched well short of the batsman.
(Bristolian, of snow, intransitive) To settle and build up, without melting.
He pitched the horseshoe.
(baseball, transitive or intransitive) To throw (the ball) toward home plate.
(transitive) The hurler pitched a curveball.
(intransitive) He pitched high and inside.
(baseball, intransitive) To play baseball in the position of pitcher.
Bob pitches today.
(transitive) To throw away; discard.
He pitched the candy wrapper.
(transitive) To promote, advertise, or attempt to sell.
He pitched the idea for months with no takers.
(transitive) To deliver in a certain tone or style, or with a certain audience in mind.
At which level should I pitch my presentation?
(transitive) To assemble or erect (a tent).
Pitch the tent over there.
(aviation or nautical, ambitransitive) To move so that the front of an aircraft or ship goes alternatively up and down.
(transitive) The typhoon pitched the deck of the ship.
(intransitive) The airplane pitched.
(golf, transitive) To play a short, high, lofty shot that lands with backspin.
The only way to get on the green from here is to pitch the ball over the bunker.
(cricket, intransitive) To bounce on the playing surface.
The ball pitched well short of the batsman.
(Bristolian, of snow, intransitive) To settle and build up, without melting.
Zig Zag / Switchback (Railway)
A railway zig zag, also called a switchback, is a way of climbing hills in difficult country with a minimal need for tunnels and heavy earthworks. For a short distance (corresponding to the middle leg of the letter "Z"), the direction of travel is reversed, before the original direction is resumed.
[edit] Advantages
The advantages of a zig zag include speed and relative cheapness of construction, with no need to worsen the ruling grade, compared to the alternative which almost certainly will require tunnels which are slow and costly to build. Where traffic is modest, a zig zag may well be a sensible long term solution.
[edit] Disadvantages
Zig zags suffer from a number of possible limitations:
The length of a train will be limited by length of track at the top and bottom points.
Reversing a train without running an engine around to the rear of the train is hazardous. Top and tail or push pull operation with engines at the rear of the train helps.
The process is slow.
[edit] Advantages
The advantages of a zig zag include speed and relative cheapness of construction, with no need to worsen the ruling grade, compared to the alternative which almost certainly will require tunnels which are slow and costly to build. Where traffic is modest, a zig zag may well be a sensible long term solution.
[edit] Disadvantages
Zig zags suffer from a number of possible limitations:
The length of a train will be limited by length of track at the top and bottom points.
Reversing a train without running an engine around to the rear of the train is hazardous. Top and tail or push pull operation with engines at the rear of the train helps.
The process is slow.
Luminary
luminary (plural luminaries)
One that is an inspiration to others; one who has achieved success in his chosen field; a leading light.
played host to a huge gathering of international luminaries -- Edmund Stevens
An artificial light; an illumination.
A body that gives light; especially, one of the heavenly bodies.
One that is an inspiration to others; one who has achieved success in his chosen field; a leading light.
played host to a huge gathering of international luminaries -- Edmund Stevens
An artificial light; an illumination.
A body that gives light; especially, one of the heavenly bodies.
Cold turkey
cold turkey (uncountable)
The sudden and complete withdrawal of a dependent substance, especially of a drug
The physiological effects of such a withdrawal
Adverbcold turkey
(idiomatic) Not gradually; all at once. Refers especially to quitting a habit by force of will rather than by a gradual reduction.
It is difficult, but possible to quit smoking cold turkey.
The sudden and complete withdrawal of a dependent substance, especially of a drug
The physiological effects of such a withdrawal
Adverbcold turkey
(idiomatic) Not gradually; all at once. Refers especially to quitting a habit by force of will rather than by a gradual reduction.
It is difficult, but possible to quit smoking cold turkey.
2009년 11월 16일 월요일
Part and parcel of
part and parcel of 본질적인(중요) 부분
"And having a learning organization is part and parcel of a culture of innovation."
"And having a learning organization is part and parcel of a culture of innovation."
Lo and behold
[edit] Interjectionlo and behold
Used to express surprise.
And then, lo and behold, she returned!
Used to express surprise.
And then, lo and behold, she returned!
Stake out
1 : to assign (as a police officer) to an area usually to conduct a surveillance
2 : to maintain a stakeout of
3 : to claim as one's own
Stake (명사)
A stake is a long, pointed object thrust into the ground. Stakes have many applications, such as demarcating a small plot of land, anchoring guy ropes for a tent or other portable structure, or slowly releasing fertilizer to aid the growth of plants
In folklore and mythology, a wooden stake have special powers to kill certain monsters via impalement. See vampire.
In business, a stake is a share of ownership of a company.
Execution by burning, to ancient Christians, a stake was a pole to which people accused of heresy or witchcraft were tied and "burned at the stake"
1 : a pointed piece of wood or other material driven or to be driven into the ground as a marker or support
2 a : a post to which a person is bound for execution by burning b : execution by burning at a stake
3 a : something that is staked for gain or loss b : the prize in a contest c : an interest or share in an undertaking or enterprise
at stake 위태로워, 문제가 되는
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be at stake 위험에 처하다; 내기에 걸리다.
stakeholder 주주(shareholder와 뜻이 같음)
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이해관계자: Stakeholders
Stake out (타동사)
1 : to assign (as a police officer) to an area usually to conduct a surveillance
2 : to maintain a stakeout of
3 : to claim as one's own
Stakeout(명사)
: a surveillance maintained by the police of an area or a person suspected of criminal activity
2 : to maintain a stakeout of
3 : to claim as one's own
Stake (명사)
A stake is a long, pointed object thrust into the ground. Stakes have many applications, such as demarcating a small plot of land, anchoring guy ropes for a tent or other portable structure, or slowly releasing fertilizer to aid the growth of plants
In folklore and mythology, a wooden stake have special powers to kill certain monsters via impalement. See vampire.
In business, a stake is a share of ownership of a company.
Execution by burning, to ancient Christians, a stake was a pole to which people accused of heresy or witchcraft were tied and "burned at the stake"
1 : a pointed piece of wood or other material driven or to be driven into the ground as a marker or support
2 a : a post to which a person is bound for execution by burning b : execution by burning at a stake
3 a : something that is staked for gain or loss b : the prize in a contest c : an interest or share in an undertaking or enterprise
at stake 위태로워, 문제가 되는
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be at stake 위험에 처하다; 내기에 걸리다.
stakeholder 주주(shareholder와 뜻이 같음)
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이해관계자: Stakeholders
Stake out (타동사)
1 : to assign (as a police officer) to an area usually to conduct a surveillance
2 : to maintain a stakeout of
3 : to claim as one's own
Stakeout(명사)
: a surveillance maintained by the police of an area or a person suspected of criminal activity
Turf
A turf war is shaping up among the computer makers.
(컴퓨터 회사들 밥그릇 싸움이 시작됐네.)
Turf는 잔디를 말합니다. 잔디에 흙이 붙어있는 네모난 잔디판을
"떼"라고 하지요. 그것도 turf입니다.
인공 잔디를 artificial turf라고 하거든요.
그러다보니 "영역"이라는 의미가 생겼습니다. 그것도 그냥 영역이
아니라 밥 먹고 사는 장사 영역이지요.
우리는 밥그릇 싸움이라는 말을 자주하는데요. 영어로는 turf
war라고 합니다.
밥 먹고 사는 영역을 침범할 때 죽자살자 싸우는 것이지요.
예문에서 처럼 전쟁 (싸움)의 기운이 감도는 건 shape up 또는
brew를 쓰기도 합니다.
전쟁이 험악해지면? Get tough 정도면 되지요.
You encroached on my turf!
왜 남의 밥그릇에 손대는 거야!
The Chicago slaughter seems tied to drug turf war.
시카고에서 발생한 집단 살인 사건은 마약 조직의 이권 싸움과
관련이 있는 것으로 보인다.
A renewed gang turf war is getting tough.
다시 시작된 갱들간의 영역 다툼이 거친 양상을 띄고 있다.
(컴퓨터 회사들 밥그릇 싸움이 시작됐네.)
Turf는 잔디를 말합니다. 잔디에 흙이 붙어있는 네모난 잔디판을
"떼"라고 하지요. 그것도 turf입니다.
인공 잔디를 artificial turf라고 하거든요.
그러다보니 "영역"이라는 의미가 생겼습니다. 그것도 그냥 영역이
아니라 밥 먹고 사는 장사 영역이지요.
우리는 밥그릇 싸움이라는 말을 자주하는데요. 영어로는 turf
war라고 합니다.
밥 먹고 사는 영역을 침범할 때 죽자살자 싸우는 것이지요.
예문에서 처럼 전쟁 (싸움)의 기운이 감도는 건 shape up 또는
brew를 쓰기도 합니다.
전쟁이 험악해지면? Get tough 정도면 되지요.
You encroached on my turf!
왜 남의 밥그릇에 손대는 거야!
The Chicago slaughter seems tied to drug turf war.
시카고에서 발생한 집단 살인 사건은 마약 조직의 이권 싸움과
관련이 있는 것으로 보인다.
A renewed gang turf war is getting tough.
다시 시작된 갱들간의 영역 다툼이 거친 양상을 띄고 있다.
Rack up
"wise was soon racking up more than a thousand dollars a week in sales"
rack up (득점을) 올리다; ~에 이르다, 획득하다.
Excuse me,will you please help me to put this bag up on the
rack? It`s too heavy.
In that case, why don`t you put the bag under your seats?
이가방을 선반위에 올려놓도록 도와주시겠습니까? 꽤 무거워요
그렇다면 가방을 손님 좌석밑에 두도록 하세요.
rack up (득점을) 올리다; ~에 이르다, 획득하다.
Excuse me,will you please help me to put this bag up on the
rack? It`s too heavy.
In that case, why don`t you put the bag under your seats?
이가방을 선반위에 올려놓도록 도와주시겠습니까? 꽤 무거워요
그렇다면 가방을 손님 좌석밑에 두도록 하세요.
Marketing Buzz / Buzz Marketing
Marketing buzz or simply buzz is a term used in word-of-mouth marketing. The interaction of consumers and users of a product or service serve to amplify the original marketing message.
Play by the rules
You have to play by the rules.
규칙을 지키면서 게임을 해야 해요.
The fact that terrorists don't play by the rules is never an excuse to lower our standards and our ethics.
규칙을 지키면서 게임을 해야 해요.
The fact that terrorists don't play by the rules is never an excuse to lower our standards and our ethics.
2009년 11월 11일 수요일
Evoke
evoke ［ｉｖ´ｏｕｋ］ (영, 기억, 감정따위를)불러일으키다, 환기하다
Although my grandmother's china has intrinsically little value, I shall always cherish it for the memories it evokes.
할머니의 도자기는 본질적으로 거의 가치가 없는 것이지만 나는 그것이 불러일으키는 기억 때문에 항상 소중히 여긴다.
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He evoked much criticism by his hostile manner.
그는 자신의 적대적인 태도로 인해 많은 비난을 받았다.
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That old song never fails to evoke memories of our wonderful summer vacations at the lake.
그 옛 노래를 들으면 반드시 그 호수에서 우리의 즐거웠던 여름휴가가 생각난다.
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The suggestion to lengthen the school year has evoked considerable opposition.
학년도를 연장하자는 제의는 상당한 반대를 불러 일으켰다.
Although my grandmother's china has intrinsically little value, I shall always cherish it for the memories it evokes.
할머니의 도자기는 본질적으로 거의 가치가 없는 것이지만 나는 그것이 불러일으키는 기억 때문에 항상 소중히 여긴다.
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He evoked much criticism by his hostile manner.
그는 자신의 적대적인 태도로 인해 많은 비난을 받았다.
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That old song never fails to evoke memories of our wonderful summer vacations at the lake.
그 옛 노래를 들으면 반드시 그 호수에서 우리의 즐거웠던 여름휴가가 생각난다.
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The suggestion to lengthen the school year has evoked considerable opposition.
학년도를 연장하자는 제의는 상당한 반대를 불러 일으켰다.
Betty Crocker Cookbook
The Betty Crocker Cookbook (10th edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2006) is a general kitchen reference sponsored and written by staff at General Mills, the holders of the Betty Crocker trademark. First published in 1950 as the Betty Crocker Picture Cook Book, the Betty Crocker Cookbook is the flagship book of a large collection of books with the Betty Crocker name and is available in binder, trade paperback and comb-bound formats, as well as several special interest formats such as bridal, heart health, and breast cancer. It has traditionally made extensive use of photography and charts for easy access to data and technique information. It is sometimes informally known as "The Big Red", a term which General Mills has trademarked.
The overall series includes books on subjects such as cooking basics, entertaining, ethnic food, and the like, as well as the Betty Crocker: Kids Cook book and the bilingual English/Spanish Cocina Betty Crocker. In addition, the original 1950 edition and the Betty Crocker Cooky Book have been reprinted as facsimiles.
Ethnography
Ethnography (Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφειν graphein = writing) is a branch within anthropology and in sociology.[1] It is a methodological strategy used to provide descriptions of human societies, which as a methodology does not prescribe any particular method (e.g. observation, interview, questionnaire), but instead prescribes the nature of the study (i.e. to describe people through writing) [2]. In the biological sciences, this type of study might be called a "field study" or a "case report," both of which are used as common synonyms for "ethnography" [3].
Vuja de
일반적으로 ‘데자 부(deja vu)’란 모든 사람이 잘 알고 있는 대로
전에 그런 경험이 없었는데도 어떤 것을 보았거나
경험했다고 착각하는 가시 체험을 말한다.
‘부자 데(Vuja de)’는 이것과는 정반대의 개념으로서
전에 어떤 것을 무수히 보았으나,
그것을 맨 처음 보는 듯한 느낌을 갖는 것이다.
문화인류학자는 부자 데의 원칙을 적용하여
오래전부터 주위에 있었으나 여태까지 보지 못했던 것을
‘보는’ 능력을 가진 사람이다.
즉 사람들이 너무 당연시하게 보고 있는 대상을
완전히 새로운 시각으로 보는 것이다.
전에 그런 경험이 없었는데도 어떤 것을 보았거나
경험했다고 착각하는 가시 체험을 말한다.
‘부자 데(Vuja de)’는 이것과는 정반대의 개념으로서
전에 어떤 것을 무수히 보았으나,
그것을 맨 처음 보는 듯한 느낌을 갖는 것이다.
문화인류학자는 부자 데의 원칙을 적용하여
오래전부터 주위에 있었으나 여태까지 보지 못했던 것을
‘보는’ 능력을 가진 사람이다.
즉 사람들이 너무 당연시하게 보고 있는 대상을
완전히 새로운 시각으로 보는 것이다.
Vuja de
일반적으로 ‘데자 부(deja vu)’란 모든 사람이 잘 알고 있는 대로
전에 그런 경험이 없었는데도 어떤 것을 보았거나
경험했다고 착각하는 가시 체험을 말한다.
‘부자 데(Vuja de)’는 이것과는 정반대의 개념으로서
전에 어떤 것을 무수히 보았으나,
그것을 맨 처음 보는 듯한 느낌을 갖는 것이다.
문화인류학자는 부자 데의 원칙을 적용하여
오래전부터 주위에 있었으나 여태까지 보지 못했던 것을
‘보는’ 능력을 가진 사람이다.
즉 사람들이 너무 당연시하게 보고 있는 대상을
완전히 새로운 시각으로 보는 것이다.
전에 그런 경험이 없었는데도 어떤 것을 보았거나
경험했다고 착각하는 가시 체험을 말한다.
‘부자 데(Vuja de)’는 이것과는 정반대의 개념으로서
전에 어떤 것을 무수히 보았으나,
그것을 맨 처음 보는 듯한 느낌을 갖는 것이다.
문화인류학자는 부자 데의 원칙을 적용하여
오래전부터 주위에 있었으나 여태까지 보지 못했던 것을
‘보는’ 능력을 가진 사람이다.
즉 사람들이 너무 당연시하게 보고 있는 대상을
완전히 새로운 시각으로 보는 것이다.
Hunker down
hunker down 움츠리다, 위축되다
hunker는 웅크리다, 쭈그리다를 뜻합니다. down은 기본적으로는 낮은 쪽으로, 아래로를 뜻하는데, hunker에 함께 붙여서 hunker down이라고 하면 쭈그리고 앉다라는 말인데 이에 비유해서 움추리다, 위축되다를 뜻합니다.
hunker는 웅크리다, 쭈그리다를 뜻합니다. down은 기본적으로는 낮은 쪽으로, 아래로를 뜻하는데, hunker에 함께 붙여서 hunker down이라고 하면 쭈그리고 앉다라는 말인데 이에 비유해서 움추리다, 위축되다를 뜻합니다.
The proof is in the pudding
the proof is in the pudding / 푸딩의 맛은 먹어봐야 안다
즉,실제로 시도하거나 사용해 보기 전까지는 그 성공 여부를 알 수 없다는 뜻
Paul: I wonder how useful those new books will be.
I guess the proof is in the pudding.
Brian: The proof is in the pudding? Are you sure?
I think we should examine them before we use them.
Paul: Of course I’ll look at them first, Brian.
I just meant that since we won’t know if they’re effective until we use them,
the proof will be in the pudding.
Brian: Paul, the proof is in the pudding.
Let’s throw it against the wall and see if it sticks.
즉,실제로 시도하거나 사용해 보기 전까지는 그 성공 여부를 알 수 없다는 뜻
Paul: I wonder how useful those new books will be.
I guess the proof is in the pudding.
Brian: The proof is in the pudding? Are you sure?
I think we should examine them before we use them.
Paul: Of course I’ll look at them first, Brian.
I just meant that since we won’t know if they’re effective until we use them,
the proof will be in the pudding.
Brian: Paul, the proof is in the pudding.
Let’s throw it against the wall and see if it sticks.
Eclectic
1 : selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles
2 : composed of elements drawn from various sources; also : heterogeneous
His style of interior decoration was eclectic: bits and pieces of furnishings from widely divergent periods, strikingly juxtaposed to create a unique decor.
그의 실내 장식 스타일은 서로 다른 다양한 것들로 구성하는 것이었다. 즉 다양한 시기의 가구들을 하나의 배경을 만들기 위해 서로 겹쳐지게 하는 것이다.
2 : composed of elements drawn from various sources; also : heterogeneous
His style of interior decoration was eclectic: bits and pieces of furnishings from widely divergent periods, strikingly juxtaposed to create a unique decor.
그의 실내 장식 스타일은 서로 다른 다양한 것들로 구성하는 것이었다. 즉 다양한 시기의 가구들을 하나의 배경을 만들기 위해 서로 겹쳐지게 하는 것이다.
Red tape
(영국에서 공문서 묶는 데 쓴 빨간 끈에서)(까다로운)관청식의, 관료적 형식주의
번거러운 절차는 싫어요.
I don't want a lot of red tape.
비자를 받으려면 번잡한 수속이 필요하다.
Getting visas requires lots of red tape.
Let's cut the red tape.: 형식적인 절차는 생략합시다.
→ red tape는 일에 있어서 형식을 거쳐야 할 복잡한 서류 절차를 말함.
I hate applying for visas. For some countries there's so
much red tape involved. (나는 비자 신청이 정말 싫다. 몇몇
나라에서는 비능률적으로 이루어진다.)
번거러운 절차는 싫어요.
I don't want a lot of red tape.
비자를 받으려면 번잡한 수속이 필요하다.
Getting visas requires lots of red tape.
Let's cut the red tape.: 형식적인 절차는 생략합시다.
→ red tape는 일에 있어서 형식을 거쳐야 할 복잡한 서류 절차를 말함.
I hate applying for visas. For some countries there's so
much red tape involved. (나는 비자 신청이 정말 싫다. 몇몇
나라에서는 비능률적으로 이루어진다.)
Working hypothesis
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted when no alternatives are available, or when the philosophical implications of the alternatives are considered to be absurd or otherwise undesirable.
Invoke
기원하다,빌다,호소하다,간원하다,불러내다, 발동하다
In defending his right to speak on the street corner, he invoked the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
길 보퉁이에서 연설할 수 있는 그의 권리를 옹호하기 위해 그는 미국 헌법 제1차 수정조항에 호소했다.
She invoked her advisor's aid in filling out her financial aid forms.
그녀는 자신의 지도 교수에게 자신의 재정 보조 양식을 작성하는데 도와 달라고 부탁했다.
In defending his right to speak on the street corner, he invoked the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
길 보퉁이에서 연설할 수 있는 그의 권리를 옹호하기 위해 그는 미국 헌법 제1차 수정조항에 호소했다.
She invoked her advisor's aid in filling out her financial aid forms.
그녀는 자신의 지도 교수에게 자신의 재정 보조 양식을 작성하는데 도와 달라고 부탁했다.
Devil's advocate
반대를 위한 반대를 하는 사람, 결점만 보는 사람
A devil's advocate is someone who takes a position he or she does not agree with for the sake of argument. This process can be used to test the quality of the original argument and identify weaknesses in its structure.
play (the) devil's advocate 일부러 반대 입장을 취하다, 선의의 비판자가 되다
A devil's advocate is someone who takes a position he or she does not agree with for the sake of argument. This process can be used to test the quality of the original argument and identify weaknesses in its structure.
play (the) devil's advocate 일부러 반대 입장을 취하다, 선의의 비판자가 되다
Simile, metaphor & analogy
Dear Yahoo!:
What's the difference between a simile, a metaphor, and an analogy?
Peter
Columbus, Ohio
Dear Peter:
While these three terms are related, their meanings are subtly different. To help understand the distinction, we consulted a number of sources -- American Heritage Dictionary, the Yahoo! Grammar, Usage, and Style category, and web search results for the three terms.
The dictionary defines a "metaphor" as a figure of speech that uses one thing to mean another and makes a comparison between the two. For example, Shakespeare's line, "All the world's a stage," is a metaphor comparing the whole world to a theater stage. Metaphors can be very simple, and they can function as most any part of speech. "The spy shadowed the woman" is a verb metaphor. The spy doesn't literally cast his shadow on the woman, but he follows her so closely and quietly that he resembles her own shadow.
A simile, also called an open comparison, is a form of metaphor that compares two different things to create a new meaning. But a simile always uses "like" or "as" within the phrase and is more explicit than a metaphor. For example, Shakespeare's line could be rewritten as a simile to read: "The world is like a stage." Another simile would be: "The spy was close as a shadow." Both metaphor and simile can be used to enhance writing.
An analogy is a bit more complicated. At the most basic level, an analogy shows similarity between things that might seem different -- much like an extended metaphor or simile. But analogy isn't just a form of speech. It can be a logical argument: if two things are alike in some ways, they are alike in some other ways as well. Analogy is often used to help provide insight by comparing an unknown subject to one that is more familiar. It can also show a relationship between pairs of things. This form of analogy is often used on standardized tests in the form "A is to B as C is to D."
What's the difference between a simile, a metaphor, and an analogy?
Peter
Columbus, Ohio
Dear Peter:
While these three terms are related, their meanings are subtly different. To help understand the distinction, we consulted a number of sources -- American Heritage Dictionary, the Yahoo! Grammar, Usage, and Style category, and web search results for the three terms.
The dictionary defines a "metaphor" as a figure of speech that uses one thing to mean another and makes a comparison between the two. For example, Shakespeare's line, "All the world's a stage," is a metaphor comparing the whole world to a theater stage. Metaphors can be very simple, and they can function as most any part of speech. "The spy shadowed the woman" is a verb metaphor. The spy doesn't literally cast his shadow on the woman, but he follows her so closely and quietly that he resembles her own shadow.
A simile, also called an open comparison, is a form of metaphor that compares two different things to create a new meaning. But a simile always uses "like" or "as" within the phrase and is more explicit than a metaphor. For example, Shakespeare's line could be rewritten as a simile to read: "The world is like a stage." Another simile would be: "The spy was close as a shadow." Both metaphor and simile can be used to enhance writing.
An analogy is a bit more complicated. At the most basic level, an analogy shows similarity between things that might seem different -- much like an extended metaphor or simile. But analogy isn't just a form of speech. It can be a logical argument: if two things are alike in some ways, they are alike in some other ways as well. Analogy is often used to help provide insight by comparing an unknown subject to one that is more familiar. It can also show a relationship between pairs of things. This form of analogy is often used on standardized tests in the form "A is to B as C is to D."
2009년 11월 10일 화요일
Closed Captioning
Closed captioning is a term describing several systems developed to display text on a television or video screen to provide additional or interpretive information to viewers who wish to access it. Closed captions typically display a transcription of the audio portion of a program as it occurs (either verbatim or in edited form), sometimes including non-speech elements.
The term "closed" in closed captioning indicates that not all viewers see the captions—only those who choose to decode or activate them. This distinguishes from "open captions" (sometimes called "burned-in" or "hardcoded" captions), which are visible to all viewers.
Most of the world does not distinguish captions from subtitles. In the United States and Canada, these terms do have different meanings, however: "subtitles" assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they only transcribe dialogue and some on-screen text. "Captions" aim to describe to the hearing-impaired all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with music or sound effects using words or symbols.
The United Kingdom, Ireland, and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions, and use "subtitles" as the general term—the equivalent of "captioning" is usually referred to as "Subtitles for the hard of hearing". Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles" or previously "Subtitles 888" (the latter is in reference to the conventional teletext channel for captions).
The term "closed" in closed captioning indicates that not all viewers see the captions—only those who choose to decode or activate them. This distinguishes from "open captions" (sometimes called "burned-in" or "hardcoded" captions), which are visible to all viewers.
Most of the world does not distinguish captions from subtitles. In the United States and Canada, these terms do have different meanings, however: "subtitles" assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they only transcribe dialogue and some on-screen text. "Captions" aim to describe to the hearing-impaired all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with music or sound effects using words or symbols.
The United Kingdom, Ireland, and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions, and use "subtitles" as the general term—the equivalent of "captioning" is usually referred to as "Subtitles for the hard of hearing". Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles" or previously "Subtitles 888" (the latter is in reference to the conventional teletext channel for captions).
Closed Captioning
Closed captioning is a term describing several systems developed to display text on a television or video screen to provide additional or interpretive information to viewers who wish to access it. Closed captions typically display a transcription of the audio portion of a program as it occurs (either verbatim or in edited form), sometimes including non-speech elements.
The term "closed" in closed captioning indicates that not all viewers see the captions—only those who choose to decode or activate them. This distinguishes from "open captions" (sometimes called "burned-in" or "hardcoded" captions), which are visible to all viewers.
Most of the world does not distinguish captions from subtitles. In the United States and Canada, these terms do have different meanings, however: "subtitles" assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they only transcribe dialogue and some on-screen text. "Captions" aim to describe to the hearing-impaired all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with music or sound effects using words or symbols.
The United Kingdom, Ireland, and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions, and use "subtitles" as the general term—the equivalent of "captioning" is usually referred to as "Subtitles for the hard of hearing". Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles" or previously "Subtitles 888" (the latter is in reference to the conventional teletext channel for captions).
The term "closed" in closed captioning indicates that not all viewers see the captions—only those who choose to decode or activate them. This distinguishes from "open captions" (sometimes called "burned-in" or "hardcoded" captions), which are visible to all viewers.
Most of the world does not distinguish captions from subtitles. In the United States and Canada, these terms do have different meanings, however: "subtitles" assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they only transcribe dialogue and some on-screen text. "Captions" aim to describe to the hearing-impaired all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with music or sound effects using words or symbols.
The United Kingdom, Ireland, and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions, and use "subtitles" as the general term—the equivalent of "captioning" is usually referred to as "Subtitles for the hard of hearing". Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles" or previously "Subtitles 888" (the latter is in reference to the conventional teletext channel for captions).
Enclose
1 에워싸다, (담·벽 등으로) 둘러싸다(surround)
《enclose+목+전+명》 enclose a garden with a fence 뜰에 담을 둘러치다
The castle was enclosed by tall mountains. 그 성은 높은 산들로 둘러싸여 있었다.
2 동봉하다
Enclosed please find a check for ten dollars. 10달러 수표를 동봉하였으니 받아 주시기 바랍니다. 《상용문에서》
《enclose+목+전+명》 enclose a check with a letter 편지에 수표를 동봉하다
3 (상자 등에) 넣다(shut up), 싸다
《enclose+목+전+명》 enclose a jewel in a casket 보석을 작은 상자에 넣다
4 <소농지·공유지 등을> (사유지로 하기 위해) 둘러막다
《enclose+목+전+명》 enclose a garden with a fence 뜰에 담을 둘러치다
The castle was enclosed by tall mountains. 그 성은 높은 산들로 둘러싸여 있었다.
2 동봉하다
Enclosed please find a check for ten dollars. 10달러 수표를 동봉하였으니 받아 주시기 바랍니다. 《상용문에서》
《enclose+목+전+명》 enclose a check with a letter 편지에 수표를 동봉하다
3 (상자 등에) 넣다(shut up), 싸다
《enclose+목+전+명》 enclose a jewel in a casket 보석을 작은 상자에 넣다
4 <소농지·공유지 등을> (사유지로 하기 위해) 둘러막다
2009년 11월 9일 월요일
Product Platform & Product Family
Meyer and Utterback (1993) give the following
definitions of Product Platform and Product Family. A
2 Copyright © 2000 by ASME
product platform encompasses the design and components
shared by a set of products. An effective platform is the core
of a successful product family, and serves as the foundation
for a series of closely related products. Products that share a
common platform but have specific features and functionality
required by different sets of customers form a product family.
A product family typically addresses a market segment, while
specific products within the family target niches within that
segment.
definitions of Product Platform and Product Family. A
2 Copyright © 2000 by ASME
product platform encompasses the design and components
shared by a set of products. An effective platform is the core
of a successful product family, and serves as the foundation
for a series of closely related products. Products that share a
common platform but have specific features and functionality
required by different sets of customers form a product family.
A product family typically addresses a market segment, while
specific products within the family target niches within that
segment.
2009년 11월 5일 목요일
2009년 11월 4일 수요일
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, oikos, "house, household, housekeeping, or living relations" ; -λογία, -logia, "study of") is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the interactions of these organisms with their environment.[1]
Like many of the natural sciences, however, a conceptual understanding of ecology is found in the broader details of study, including:
life processes explaining adaptations
distribution and abundance of organisms
the flux of materials and energy through living communities
the successional development of ecosystems, and
the abundance and distribution of biodiversity in context of the environment.[1][2][3]
Ecology is concerned with the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization. Ecology is also distinguished from natural history, which deals primarily with the descriptive study of organisms. Ecologists are scientists that study ecosystems. Ecosystems are real places (a pond, field, forest, etc.) or they can be conceptually abstract schemes showing the direction and quantified amounts of energy and resources flowing through a system or network of relations.[4][5]
Ecology has many practical applications in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agriculture, forestry , fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic & applied science and it provides a conceptual framework for understanding and researching human social interaction (human ecology).[6][7][8][9] Ecosystems also provide a host of goods and services often without market value[10]. Broad examples include:
regulating (climate, floods, nutrient balance, water filtration)
provisioning (food, medicine, fur)
cultural (science, spiritual, ceremonial, recreation, aesthetic)
supporting (nutrient cycling, phyosynthesis, soil formation).[11][2]
Ecology is often misused as a synonym for environment, but it differs from environmental studies, for example, because it is one of the few academic disciplines dedicated to holism.[12] The environment describes all factors and scales of study that are external to an organism, including abiotic factors such as temperature, radiation, light, chemistry, climate and geology, and biotic factors, including genes, cells, organisms, members of the same species (conspecifics) and other species that share a habitat.[13]
Like many of the natural sciences, however, a conceptual understanding of ecology is found in the broader details of study, including:
life processes explaining adaptations
distribution and abundance of organisms
the flux of materials and energy through living communities
the successional development of ecosystems, and
the abundance and distribution of biodiversity in context of the environment.[1][2][3]
Ecology is concerned with the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization. Ecology is also distinguished from natural history, which deals primarily with the descriptive study of organisms. Ecologists are scientists that study ecosystems. Ecosystems are real places (a pond, field, forest, etc.) or they can be conceptually abstract schemes showing the direction and quantified amounts of energy and resources flowing through a system or network of relations.[4][5]
Ecology has many practical applications in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agriculture, forestry , fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic & applied science and it provides a conceptual framework for understanding and researching human social interaction (human ecology).[6][7][8][9] Ecosystems also provide a host of goods and services often without market value[10]. Broad examples include:
regulating (climate, floods, nutrient balance, water filtration)
provisioning (food, medicine, fur)
cultural (science, spiritual, ceremonial, recreation, aesthetic)
supporting (nutrient cycling, phyosynthesis, soil formation).[11][2]
Ecology is often misused as a synonym for environment, but it differs from environmental studies, for example, because it is one of the few academic disciplines dedicated to holism.[12] The environment describes all factors and scales of study that are external to an organism, including abiotic factors such as temperature, radiation, light, chemistry, climate and geology, and biotic factors, including genes, cells, organisms, members of the same species (conspecifics) and other species that share a habitat.[13]
Rubric
A rubric is a word or section of text which is written or printed in red ink to highlight it. The term derives from the Latin: rubrica, meaning red ochre or red chalk,[1] and originates in Medieval illuminated manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier. In these, red letters were used to highlight initial capitals (particularly of psalms), section headings and names of religious significance, a practice known as rubrication, which was a separate stage in the production of a manuscript.
Rubric can also mean the red ink or paint used to make rubrics, or the pigment used to make it.[2] Although red was most often used, other colours came into use from the late Middle Ages onwards, and the word rubric was used for these also.
Terraforming
Terraforming (literally, "Earth-shaping") of a planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to those of Earth to make it habitable by terran organisms.
The term is sometimes erroneously used more generally as a synonym for planetary engineering. The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science. The term was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction story ("Collision Orbit") published during 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction,[1] but the concept may pre-date this work.
Based on experiences with Earth, the environment of a planet can be altered deliberately: however the feasibility of creating an unconstrained planetary biosphere that mimics Earth on another planet has yet to be verified. Mars is considered by many to be the most likely candidate for terraformation. Much study has been done concerning the possibility of heating the planet and altering its atmosphere, and NASA has even hosted debates on the subject. Several potential methods of altering the climate of Mars may fall within humanity's technological capabilities, but at present the economic resources required to do so are far beyond that which any government or society is willing to allocate to the purpose. The long timescales and practicality of terraforming are the subject of debate. Other unanswered questions relate to the ethics, logistics, economics, politics, and methodology of altering the environment of an extraterrestrial world.
The term is sometimes erroneously used more generally as a synonym for planetary engineering. The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science. The term was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction story ("Collision Orbit") published during 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction,[1] but the concept may pre-date this work.
Based on experiences with Earth, the environment of a planet can be altered deliberately: however the feasibility of creating an unconstrained planetary biosphere that mimics Earth on another planet has yet to be verified. Mars is considered by many to be the most likely candidate for terraformation. Much study has been done concerning the possibility of heating the planet and altering its atmosphere, and NASA has even hosted debates on the subject. Several potential methods of altering the climate of Mars may fall within humanity's technological capabilities, but at present the economic resources required to do so are far beyond that which any government or society is willing to allocate to the purpose. The long timescales and practicality of terraforming are the subject of debate. Other unanswered questions relate to the ethics, logistics, economics, politics, and methodology of altering the environment of an extraterrestrial world.
2009년 11월 3일 화요일
Product Stewardship
Product stewardship is a concept whereby environmental protection centers around the product itself, and everyone involved in the lifespan of the product is called upon to take up responsibility to reduce its environmental impact.[1] For manufacturers, this includes planning for, and if necessary, paying for the recycling or disposal of the product at the end of its useful life. This may be achieved, in part, by redesigning products to use fewer harmful substances, to be more durable, reuseable and recycleable, and to make products from recycled materials. [2] For retailers and consumers, this means taking an active role in ensuring the proper disposal or recycling of an end-of-life product.
Those who advocate it are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process. It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.
The most familiar example is the container deposit charged for a deposit bottle. One pays a fee to buy the bottle, separately from the fee to buy what it contains. If one returns the bottle, the fee is returned, and the supplier must return the bottle for re-use or recycling. If not, one has paid the fee, and presumably this can pay for landfill or litter control measures that dispose of say a broken bottle. Also, since the same fee can be collected by anyone finding and returning the bottle, it is common for people to collect these and return them as a means of surviving. This is quite common for instance among homeless people in U.S. cities.
However, the principle is applied very broadly beyond bottles to paint and automobile parts such as tires. When purchasing paint or tires in many places, one simultaneously pays for the disposal of the toxic waste they become. In some countries, such as Germany, law requires attention to the comprehensive outcome of the whole extraction, production, distribution, use and waste of a product, and holds those profiting from these legally responsible for any outcome along the way. This is also the trend in the UK and EU generally. In the United States, predictably, the issue has been confronted via class action lawsuits that attempt to hold companies liable for the environmental impact of their products. Thus far, such as litigation or proposed accounting reforms such as full cost accounting have not gained much traction for the product stewardship concept in the United States beyond the realm of academe and corporate public relations (derisively referred to as greenwashing).
The demand-side approach ethical consumerism, supported by consumer education and information about environmental impacts, may approach some of the same outcomes as product stewardship.
[edit] Extended producer responsibility
Product Stewardship is often used interchangeably with Extended producer responsibility, a similar concept. However, there are distinct differences between the two, as suggested by the semantics of the different terms used.
While both concepts bring the onus of waste management for end-of-life products from the government to the manufacturers, Product Stewardship further extends this responsibility to everyone involved in the life-cycle of the product.[3] This includes not only the manufacturers, but also the retailers, consumers and recyclers as well.
Those who advocate it are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process. It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.
The most familiar example is the container deposit charged for a deposit bottle. One pays a fee to buy the bottle, separately from the fee to buy what it contains. If one returns the bottle, the fee is returned, and the supplier must return the bottle for re-use or recycling. If not, one has paid the fee, and presumably this can pay for landfill or litter control measures that dispose of say a broken bottle. Also, since the same fee can be collected by anyone finding and returning the bottle, it is common for people to collect these and return them as a means of surviving. This is quite common for instance among homeless people in U.S. cities.
However, the principle is applied very broadly beyond bottles to paint and automobile parts such as tires. When purchasing paint or tires in many places, one simultaneously pays for the disposal of the toxic waste they become. In some countries, such as Germany, law requires attention to the comprehensive outcome of the whole extraction, production, distribution, use and waste of a product, and holds those profiting from these legally responsible for any outcome along the way. This is also the trend in the UK and EU generally. In the United States, predictably, the issue has been confronted via class action lawsuits that attempt to hold companies liable for the environmental impact of their products. Thus far, such as litigation or proposed accounting reforms such as full cost accounting have not gained much traction for the product stewardship concept in the United States beyond the realm of academe and corporate public relations (derisively referred to as greenwashing).
The demand-side approach ethical consumerism, supported by consumer education and information about environmental impacts, may approach some of the same outcomes as product stewardship.
[edit] Extended producer responsibility
Product Stewardship is often used interchangeably with Extended producer responsibility, a similar concept. However, there are distinct differences between the two, as suggested by the semantics of the different terms used.
While both concepts bring the onus of waste management for end-of-life products from the government to the manufacturers, Product Stewardship further extends this responsibility to everyone involved in the life-cycle of the product.[3] This includes not only the manufacturers, but also the retailers, consumers and recyclers as well.
Abstraction
Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behaviour. Similarly, abstracting happiness to an emotional state reduces the amount of information conveyed about the emotional state. Computer scientists use abstraction to understand and solve problems and communicate their solutions with the computer in some particular computer language.
In philosophical terminology, abstraction is the thought process wherein ideas[1] are distanced from objects.
Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus effective communication about things in the abstract requires an intuitive or common experience between the communicator and the communication recipient. This is true for all verbal/abstract communication.
Cat on Mat (picture 1)For example, many different things can be red. Likewise, many things sit on surfaces (as in picture 1, to the right). The property of redness and the relation sitting-on are therefore abstractions of those objects. Specifically, the conceptual diagram graph 1 identifies only three boxes, two ellipses, and four arrows (and their nine labels), whereas the picture 1 shows much more pictorial detail, with the scores of implied relationships as implicit in the picture rather than with the nine explicit details in the graph.
Graph 1 details some explicit relationships between the objects of the diagram. For example the arrow between the agent and CAT:Elsie depicts an example of an is-a relationship, as does the arrow between the location and the MAT. The arrows between the gerund SITTING and the nouns agent and location express the diagram's basic relationship; "agent is SITTING on location"; Elsie is an instance of CAT.
Conceptual graph for A Cat sitting on the Mat (graph 1)Although the description sitting-on (graph 1) is more abstract than the graphic image of a cat sitting on a mat (picture 1), the delineation of abstract things from concrete things is somewhat ambiguous; this ambiguity or vagueness is characteristic of abstraction. Thus something as simple as a newspaper might be specified to six levels, as in Douglas Hofstadter's illustration of that ambiguity, with a progression from abstract to concrete in Gödel, Escher, Bach (1979):
(1) a publication
(2) a newspaper
(3) The San Francisco Chronicle
(4) the May 18 edition of the Chronicle
(5) my copy of the May 18 edition of the Chronicle
(6) my copy of the May 18 edition of the Chronicle as it was when I first picked it up (as contrasted with my copy as it was a few days later: in my fireplace, burning)
An abstraction can thus encapsulate each of these levels of detail with no loss of generality. But perhaps a detective or philosopher/scientist/engineer might seek to learn about some thing, at progressively deeper levels of detail, to solve a crime or a puzzle.
For crying out loud
No, I haven't bought her a present yet. Her birthday is a month away, for crying out loud.
I am surprised or annoyed by this for God's sake For Christ's sake, Julie, what are you doing here? This dress makes me look like a little old lady, for Christ's sake. It's two in the morning, for Christ sakes! Why are you calling me now?
I am surprised or annoyed by this for God's sake For Christ's sake, Julie, what are you doing here? This dress makes me look like a little old lady, for Christ's sake. It's two in the morning, for Christ sakes! Why are you calling me now?
2009년 11월 2일 월요일
2009년 11월 1일 일요일
Product Life Cycle
제품 수명 주기 이론 (PLC : Product Life Cycle)의 개념
사람은 태어나서 70~80년 동안의 수명을 유지하다 끝을 맺게 되어 있다. 세상의 모든 것이 마찬가지이다. 우리가 오늘날 사용하는 제품들이 100년 뒤에도 똑같이 남아 있는 것은 어떤것일까? 그리 많지 않을 것이다. 제품에도 수명은 있고 기업의 관리에 따라 이 수명은 늘어날 수도, 줄어들 수도 있는 것이다. 사람으로 비유하면 평소 몸 관리를 어떻게 하는가에 따라 수명이 달라지는 것과도 같은 이치이다.
효과적인 브랜딩, 마케팅 전략을 세우려면 Product Life Cycle(이하 PLC)의 각 단계들을 이해하고 시장과 자사의 제품이 PLC상에서 어느 위치에 있는지, 앞으로의 방향은 어떻게 될 것인지 가늠해볼 수 있어야 한다.
PLC의 기본적인 개념을 알아보고, 각 단계별로 반드시 알아야할 사항들을 살펴보자.
PLC는 도대체 언제, 누가 먼저 꺼낸 얘기 일까? 찾아본 결과 Levitt가 하버드 비지니스 리뷰에 퍼블리시한 1965년이 처음인듯 하다.
* Levitt, T. (1965) Exploit the product life cycle, Harvard Business Review, vol 43, November-December 1965, pp 81-94.
하버드 비즈니스 리뷰에 대한 열람 권한이 없는 관계로, Levitt의 의견은 생략하고, 흔히 알려진 내용들을 바탕으로 PLC에 대해 알아보겠다.
1. PLC의 개념
제품에는 일정한 수명이 있고 이러한 수명은 새로운 제품이 등장할때마다 반복적인 형태로 나타나는 것을 의미하는데, ‘도입 - 성장 - 성숙 - 쇠퇴’ 의 단계를 거치게 되며 네 단계마다 다른 전략들을 적용해야 한다. 여기서 제품이라 함은 특정 브랜드의 제품이 아닌, 제품 카테고리를 말하는 것이라 이해하면 된다.
예를 들면, 우리는 음악을 듣기 위해 ‘LP – TAPE – CD – 디지털음원’ 과 같은 큼지막한 도구들을 거쳐왔다. 바로 여기에서 각 항목 하나가 수명을 가지며, 이들이 세상에 나타나 사라지기 까지를 표현한 것이 PLC라고 이해하면 된다.
2. PLC의 4 단계
1) 도입
- 전혀 새로운, 혹은 진보적인 제품이 세상에 던져졌다. 과거 ‘새한’이라는 회사에서 MP3P를 처음으로 세상에 내놓은것 처럼 말이다. 즉, 시장을 새롭게 만들어 가는 것인데 이때엔 경쟁자도 없고 독점의 상태에 놓인다.
도입기의 과업 : 해당 제품 카테고리에 대한 인지도를 형성해야 하며 잠재 구매력이 있는 고객들에게 제품 이용 방법에 대한 교육을 실시해야 한다. 즉, 시장이 상장할 수 있도록 발판을 마련하는 것인데, 이 시기에 들어오는 수익은 제품 개발과 마케팅 및 제조 원가에 재투자 해야 한다.
도입기의 가격 : 도입기에서 어떻게 가격을 책정할지 고민이 많이 필요한데, Skimming pricing, Penetrating pricing, Cost-plus pricing 등의 방법을 통해 잠재적 경쟁자의 진입을 막거나 소비자의 진입을 효과적으로 유도할 수 있다.
2) 성장
- 소비자들에게 카테고리 및 제품에 대한 인지도가 형성되면서 매출이 빠르게 올라간다. 순수입이 급상승하며, 경쟁자들이 속속 나타나기 시작하는 시점이다.
성장기의 과업 : 영업이익을 제품 개발과 브랜드 형성 및 시장확장에 재투자 하여 잠재적인 경쟁자들의 시장 진입을 방지해야 한다. 도입기와의 다른점이라면, 경쟁자들을 대비한 ‘차별화’ 포인트가 있어야 한다는 것이다. 더이상 독점 시장이 아니기 때문이다. 이를 통해 시장 점유율을 최대한 끌어 올려놓아야 한다.
성장기의 가격 : 경쟁자들이 나타나기 전까지는 Skimming pricing가격을 유지하는 것이 좋을 수 있으며 시장 선도자의 경우 경험곡선(학습효과)이나 규모의 경제에 의해 원가가 낮아지므로 가격인하를 실시할 수도 있다.
3) 성숙
- 경쟁자들이 많이 생겨났으며, 업계에서 각 제품들의 판매량이나 인지도 등에서 순위가 결정되어 있는 시점이다. 제품 판매는 극에 달해 있으며 치열한 경쟁으로 인해 가격 인하가 시작되어 이익이 감소하기 시작한다.
성숙기의 과업 : 고객이 진정 원하는 것은 무엇인지 그 가치를 파악할 수 있도록 하며, 새로운 버젼을 출시하여 시장의 반응을 체크할 수 있어야 한다. 대부분의 소비자는 개발자 만큼 제품의 ‘향상’에 열광하지 않기 때문이다. 강력한 Promotion을 통해 시장 점유율을 지키거나 높이며, 제조 원가를 줄이기 위해 노력해야 한다. 제품의 약점을 제거하고 브랜드의 확장을 생각해볼 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 기업 내부적으로는 차세대 제품에 대한 기술개발도 꾸준히 이루어지고 있어야 한다.
성숙기의 가격 : 제품의 다양한 버젼을 출시하여, 각기 다른 세그먼트의 고객들에게 대응할 수 있어야 한다. 대량 생산보다는 고객맞춤의 제품을 출시하여 성숙기의 기간을 더 길게 만들어야 한다.
4) 쇠퇴
- 기술적으로 노화가 되고, 구매자들의 구매도 서서히 줄어들게 된다. 대부분 새로운 기술의 제품이 등장하는 시점이다.
쇠퇴기의 과업 : 기존 제품에 새로운 용도를 찾아 홍보하거나, 새로운 시장에 제품(수출, 클래식 등)을 소개하는 것이다.
쇠퇴기의 가격 : 수요가 줄어들어 가격은 낮아진다. 하지만 시간이 더 지나 희귀성이 생기면 추가 이익을 볼 수 있다. 물론 이를 위해선 도입기부터 탄탄한 브랜드 기반을 마련했어야 한다.
이를 통해 간략하게 PLC의 개념에 대해서 알아보았다. 사실 어느기업이든 PLC에 의거해서 마케팅 활동을 진행하기는 쉽지 않다. 또한 특정 제품의 PLC가 어느정도의 기간을 갖게 될지도 예상하기 쉽지 않다. 가령, DVD의 PLC를 생각해보자고 제안한다면, 당췌 쉽지 않을 것이다. 하지만 PLC를 통해 배워야 할 것은 현재 제품의 PLC는 어디쯤에 위치해 있는지 가늠해보고 이에 합당한 전략을 취해야 한다는 것이다. 또한 PLC를 통해 무모하게 새로운 사업에 뛰어드는 어리석음도 막을 수 있을 것이다.
PLC가 해답은 아니다. 또한 정확히 맞는 것도 아니다. 제품에 브랜드가 결합되면 그 수명은 무한할 수 있다. 전구가 발명되어 초가 없어질거라 생각했지만 실제로 그렇지 않다. 컴퓨터로 인해 여러 노트, 문서용지들이 없어질거라 생각했지만 종이는 언제나 필수품이다. 브랜드가 가해진다면 제품은 더욱 강력해진다.
Undermine
...의 밑에 파다, 밑에 갱도를 파다, 토대를 침식시키다, 서서히 해치다, 은밀히 손상시키다
당신은 일을 망치고 있어요.
You're undermining things.
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Because of my youth and inexperience at the time, I did not recognize his insidious attempts to undermine our employer's confidence in me.
그 당시 나는 젊고 경험이 부족했기 때문에 나에 대한 사장의 신임을 손상시키는 그의 음흉한 기도를 알아차리지 못했다.
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The foreign agent sought to undermine the government.
그 외국 정보원은 정부 파괴공작을 했다.
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The recent corruption scandals have undermined many people's faith in the city government.
최근의 부정 행위에 관한 스캔들 때문에 시정부에 대한 많은 사람들의 신뢰가 무너졌다.
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공정이라는 의미를 위태롭게 하지 말라.
Don't undermine the sense of fairness.
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undermine 훼손하다
당신은 일을 망치고 있어요.
You're undermining things.
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Because of my youth and inexperience at the time, I did not recognize his insidious attempts to undermine our employer's confidence in me.
그 당시 나는 젊고 경험이 부족했기 때문에 나에 대한 사장의 신임을 손상시키는 그의 음흉한 기도를 알아차리지 못했다.
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The foreign agent sought to undermine the government.
그 외국 정보원은 정부 파괴공작을 했다.
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The recent corruption scandals have undermined many people's faith in the city government.
최근의 부정 행위에 관한 스캔들 때문에 시정부에 대한 많은 사람들의 신뢰가 무너졌다.
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공정이라는 의미를 위태롭게 하지 말라.
Don't undermine the sense of fairness.
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undermine 훼손하다
2009년 10월 30일 금요일
Impasse
1 a : a predicament affording no obvious escape b : deadlock
2 : an impassable road or way : cul-de-sac
교착상태, 막다른 골목, 난국
For a long time we lived in the illusion that "everything would come out all right", but inevitably we arrived at the impasse where we had to face realities and make painful decisions.
오랫동안 우리는 "모든 일이 잘 되어가리라"는 환상에서 살았지만 피할 수 없이 우리는 현실에 직면해서 어려운 결단을 내려야 할 막다른 골목에 이르렀다.
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In this impasse, all turned to prayer as their last hope.
이 난국에서 모든 사람들은 그들의 마지막 희망으로써 기도에 매달렸다.
2 : an impassable road or way : cul-de-sac
교착상태, 막다른 골목, 난국
For a long time we lived in the illusion that "everything would come out all right", but inevitably we arrived at the impasse where we had to face realities and make painful decisions.
오랫동안 우리는 "모든 일이 잘 되어가리라"는 환상에서 살았지만 피할 수 없이 우리는 현실에 직면해서 어려운 결단을 내려야 할 막다른 골목에 이르렀다.
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In this impasse, all turned to prayer as their last hope.
이 난국에서 모든 사람들은 그들의 마지막 희망으로써 기도에 매달렸다.
Abduction and Design
Abduction, or "inference to the best explanation" is a form of inference that moves from data describing something to a hypothesis that best explains or accounts for the data.
In engineering design contexts, this process can result in reasoning such as the following:
artefact x must not corrode (premise)
IF an artefact is made of stainless steel,
THEN the artefact will not corrode (rule)
(infer): artefact x should be made of stainless steel (conclusion)
Here, the combination of rule (from the knowledge of the designer) and premise (some element of the design specification) allow a design decision to be made.
Just as deduction may be viewed as an analytical process, abduction, the "reverse deduction", is synthetic - it produces knowledge (in this example, the knowledge that the artefacts should be made of stainless steel has been produced - a design decision). While this shares the same structure as the fallacious "deductive" model of conceptual design, the difference here is that, logically, this is not necessarily a sound argument - if it is also known that the artefact should not conduct electricity, it might be better to abduce that the artefact should be made of a plastic. This is a more plausible "explanation" of the behaviour of the artefact, based on the available evidence - abduction is plausible inference.
In engineering design contexts, this process can result in reasoning such as the following:
artefact x must not corrode (premise)
IF an artefact is made of stainless steel,
THEN the artefact will not corrode (rule)
(infer): artefact x should be made of stainless steel (conclusion)
Here, the combination of rule (from the knowledge of the designer) and premise (some element of the design specification) allow a design decision to be made.
Just as deduction may be viewed as an analytical process, abduction, the "reverse deduction", is synthetic - it produces knowledge (in this example, the knowledge that the artefacts should be made of stainless steel has been produced - a design decision). While this shares the same structure as the fallacious "deductive" model of conceptual design, the difference here is that, logically, this is not necessarily a sound argument - if it is also known that the artefact should not conduct electricity, it might be better to abduce that the artefact should be made of a plastic. This is a more plausible "explanation" of the behaviour of the artefact, based on the available evidence - abduction is plausible inference.
2009년 10월 29일 목요일
Enclave
고립된 지역; 자국 내에 들어 있는 타국의 영토
(타국 영토로 둘러싸인) 지역, 영토
The stubborn old-timers who refused to sell their homes came to form an enclave of "natives" surrounded by "city people".
집을 팔기를 거부했던 완고한 구식사람들은 "도시인"들로 둘러싸인 "원주민"들의 영역을 형성하게 되었다.
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The Vatican is an independent enclave in Italy.
바티칸은 이탈리아에 둘러싸인 독립된 영토다.
(타국 영토로 둘러싸인) 지역, 영토
The stubborn old-timers who refused to sell their homes came to form an enclave of "natives" surrounded by "city people".
집을 팔기를 거부했던 완고한 구식사람들은 "도시인"들로 둘러싸인 "원주민"들의 영역을 형성하게 되었다.
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The Vatican is an independent enclave in Italy.
바티칸은 이탈리아에 둘러싸인 독립된 영토다.
2009년 10월 28일 수요일
Cross pollination
타화수분의 본 뜻은 꽃의 가루를 받아 수정한다는 뜻이다. 이노베이션 도구로서 ‘타화수분’은, 현재 사업 영역 이외의 다른 영역으로부터 좋은 아이디어를 차용해 와서 혁신적 아이디어로 연결시키는 것을 뜻한다. 즉 타화수분은 전혀 연관이 없는 이종 산업 등에서 문제해결의 실마리를 찾는 창의적 방법론이다.
서로 다른 영역의 것이 섞인다 하여 흔히 ‘이종교배’와 비슷한 의미로 사용되고 요즘 유행하는 ‘하이브리드’,‘융합’,‘크로스오버’등과 같은 말과도 통하는 것이다.
물감튜브의 모양에서 아이디어를 얻어 치약 튜브를 만든 것이나, 접착재인 본드에서 자동차 충격흡수제의 힌트를 얻은 것 등이 바로 타화수분에 해당한다.
서로 다른 영역의 것이 섞인다 하여 흔히 ‘이종교배’와 비슷한 의미로 사용되고 요즘 유행하는 ‘하이브리드’,‘융합’,‘크로스오버’등과 같은 말과도 통하는 것이다.
물감튜브의 모양에서 아이디어를 얻어 치약 튜브를 만든 것이나, 접착재인 본드에서 자동차 충격흡수제의 힌트를 얻은 것 등이 바로 타화수분에 해당한다.
Iconoclast
우상파괴자
1 : a person who destroys religious images or opposes their veneration
2 : a person who attacks settled beliefs or institutions
1 : a person who destroys religious images or opposes their veneration
2 : a person who attacks settled beliefs or institutions
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